ASP Exam Study Workbook PDF

# ASP Exam Study Workbook ## Domain 2: Safety Management Systems **Instead of assuming each project or manager will receive approximately the budget they had previously, managers and projects are assumed to have no budget until they justify in detail why they should receive any funds at all.** Acc...

# ASP Exam Study Workbook ## Domain 2: Safety Management Systems **Instead of assuming each project or manager will receive approximately the budget they had previously, managers and projects are assumed to have no budget until they justify in detail why they should receive any funds at all.** According to _The Safety Professionals Handbook_ (Haight, 2012), once the decision has been made to pursue a project, the budgeting process should occur. A budget is a financial plan that establishes specific amounts of cash (and sometimes employee hours) are expected to be spent on specific activities. Decisions about budget allocation should be based on which projects will provide the greatest return on investment to the company. Another dark side of budgeting is that some managers propose excessively large budgets, because the larger the budgets they manage, the more status, power, security, and salary they personally can enjoy. ## Domain 2: Safety Management Systems | Evaluate cost, schedule, performance, and project risk | Hazard control hierarchy | Change management | |---|---|---| | Conduct audits and inspections | Risk transfer | Methods for hazard and risk analysis | | Monitor and reevaluate hazard controls | Conduct incident investigation | Process safety management | | Give financial justification of hazard controls | Implement hazard controls | Principles of fleet safety | | Use methods of hazard identification | | Hazard communication | | Assess and analyze risk | Scaffolding | Hazardous energy control | | | Fall protection | Confined space | | | Powered industrial vehicles | Excavation, trenching, shoring | | | Machine guarding | Physical security | ### Domain 2 Quiz 1 Questions 1. Which system has as its primary functions to identify hazardous conditions, assess their risk, and establish effective risk control measures? * Risk control * Risk management * Loss control * Loss management 2. When a project has been proposed, it must first go through a preliminary analysis in order to determine whether or not it has a positive net present value using the MARR as the discount rate. The MARR is the target rate for evaluation of the project investment. What is the definition of MARR? * Maximum Attractive Rate of Return * Minimum Attractive Rate of Return * Maximum Alternate Return Rate * Minimum Alternate Return Rate 3. The Z10 is a management system standard compatible and harmonized with quality (ISO 9000 series) and environmental management systems (ISO 14000 series). Which of the following best describes these standards? * Specification standards * Compliance standards * Performance standards * Regulatory standards 4. The first action to be considered in the hierarchy of control is: * training. * elimination of the hazard * personal protective equipment. * substitution with something less hazardous. 5. Define one type of accident precursor that includes conditions, events, or measures that precede an undesirable event and that have some value in predicting the event arrival, whether it is an accident, incident, near miss, or undesirable safety state. * Leading indicators * Lagging indicators * Loss time frequencies * Workers' compensation losses 6. The risk remaining after preventive measures have been taken is called: * acceptable risk. * tolerable risk. * unacceptable risk. * residual risk. 7. The management term "span of control" refers to: * the breadth of a manager's expertise. * the number of subordinates a manager can supervise. * the number of projects a manager can supervise. * the number of organizations a manager can supervise. 8. Employee motivation or change, a primary behavior model, does not include which of the following? * Specifying objectives and goals * Having the ES&H department write procedures * Giving reinforcement and feedback * Gaining commitment from employees and management 9. Which of the following defines the attributes of employee coaching? * Achievement-oriented, reactive, fact-finding process * Achievement-oriented, proactive, fact-finding process. * Achievement-oriented, reactive, fact-finding process * Achievement-oriented, proactive, fault-finding process. 10. Management and safety systems built on the principles and processes developed by quality pioneer Edward Deming are known as: * act, do, plan, check. * plan, do, check, act. * plan, act, do, check. * check, plan, do, act. 11. Convincing someone to perform desired behaviors or actions is a part of psychology known as: * attitude. * judgment. * motivation. * discipline. 12. Which of the following is not one of the major provisions of the consensus standard incorporating best practices in OHSMS? * Application of a prescribed hierarchy of controls to achieve acceptable risk levels * Design reviews * Regulatory compliance * Management of change systems 13. What is the most effective method to fix accountability for environmental, safety, and health losses? * Charge the associated cost to each work center. * Compare incident rates with like companies. * Require supervisors to make weekly presentations on their status. * Compare each work center and make an example of the bottom 10%. 14. Measures of a system that are taken after events and assess outcomes and occurrences are called: * leading indicators. * lagging indicators. * measures of behavior. * measures of activities. 15. Safety, environmental, and health performance is best presented to upper management in terms of: * the lost workday incident rate. * total fatalities. * total lost time. * cost relationships. 16. Risk is a combination of: * frequency of episodes of an adverse event and probability of occurrence of the adverse event. * probability that an adverse event will occur and consequences of the adverse event. * probability that a hazardous condition exists and consequences of the hazard. * exposure to and consequence of a hazard. 17. Which question cannot be answered by Pareto charts? * What are the largest issues facing our team or business? * What 20% of sources are causing 80% of the problems (80/20 rule)? * Where should we focus our efforts to achieve the greatest improvements? * Where are the indirect costs of incidents? 18. A successful management system, according to OHSAS 18001, should be based on all of the following except: * a generic occupational health and safety policy. * identification of occupational health and safety risks, along with legal requirements. * objectives, targets, and programs that ensure continual improvements. * management activities that control occupational health and safety risks. 19. Which of the following best defines a management system audit under ISO 19011? * A systematic, independent, and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled. * Systematic and independent examination of data, statements, records, operations, and performances (financial or otherwise) of an enterprise for any unstated purpose. * Examination of financial statements and formulation of an opinion on the effectiveness of a company's internal control over financial reporting. * One that enables organizations to develop their environmental performance through a process of continuous improvement. 20. Auditing is characterized by reliance on many principles. Adherence to these principles is a perquisite for providing audit conclusions that are relevant and sufficient and for enabling auditors, working independently from one another, to reach similar conclusions in similar circumstances. Which of the following are included in these principles? * Integrity, confidentiality, due professional care. * Confidentiality, conformity, liability. * Fair representation, subjective observation, performance in a partial manner. * Evidenced-based, interdependence, biased ### Domain 2 Quiz 1 Answers 1. Answer: C. * Loss control is the proactive measures taken to prevent or reduce loss evolving from accident, injury, illness, and property damage. The aim of loss control is to reduce the frequency and severity of losses. Loss control is directly related to human resource management, engineering, and risk management practices. * Risk is defined as the combination of the severity of a defined exposure with its frequency of occurrence. * The technique that effectively decreases a project's schedule risk without increasing the overall risk is to incorporate slack time into the project's critical path schedule early in project planning. * Hazard: Any real or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or death to personnel; damage to or loss of a system, equipment, or property; or damage to the environment. It is any potentially unsafe condition resulting from failures, malfunctions, external events, errors, or a combination thereof. It is any condition, set of circumstances, or inherent property damage that can cause injury, illness, or death. * Probability: The likelihood of a hazard causing an incident or exposure that could result in harm or damage for a selected unit of time, events, population, items, or activities being considered. * Severity: The extent of harm or damage that could result from a hazard-related incident or exposure. * Risk analysis is the process of identifying safety risks. This involves identifying hazards that present mishap risk with an assessment of the risk probability. * Risk assessment is the process of determining the risk presented by the identified hazards. This involves evaluating the identified hazard's causal factors and then characterizing the risk as the product of the hazard severity times the hazard probability. * Processes used to evaluate the level of risk associated with hazards and system issues include: * Assure management commitment, involvement, and direction (an absolute). * Select a risk assessment team, including employees with knowledge of jobs and tasks. * Establish the analysis parameters. * Select a risk assessment technique. * Identify the hazards. * Consider failure modes. * Assess the severity of consequences. * Determine the occurrence probability, prominently taking into consideration the exposures. * Define the initial risk. * Make risk acceptance or nonacceptance decisions with employee involvement. * If needed, select and implement hazard avoidance, elimination, reduction, and control measures. * Address the residual risk. * Document the results. * Follow up on the actions taken. ## Domain 2: Safety Management Systems <start_of_image> Schematic of a safety management system with the primary steps in the process being: 1. **Establishing the context**: This is the beginning of any risk assessment and it includes items such as establishing the parameters for the assessment such as the scope and time frame of the assessment. 2. **Risk identification**: This step identifies all of the potential hazards that could lead to an adverse event including determining the severity of the potential injury or damage that could occur. This is also where you define what constitutes a success or failure of the risk assessment. 3. **Risk analysis**: This portion of the process involves determining the probability for each risk. It also includes finding ways to reduce these risks to an acceptable level. 4. **Risk evaluation**: This involves determining the significance of the risk assessment. This is where you determine the best path forward, and it may involve deciding if the project continues as is or if there are modifications or other steps needed. 5. **Risk treatment**: Once the risk assessment is complete, a process for mitigation is put in place depending on what the findings of the assessment were. This could include engineering controls, administrative controls, or personal protective equipment. **Safety is freedom from conditions that can cause death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment. It is the ability of a system to exclude certain undesired events (i.e., mishaps) during stated operation under stated conditions for a stated time, and the ability of a system or product to operate with a known and accepted level of mishap risk. It is a built-in system characteristic.** * **Exposure**: Contact with or proximity to a hazard, taking into account duration and intensity. * **Root cause analysis (RCA)**: The process of identifying the basic lowest level causal factors for an event. Usually the event is an undesired event, such as a hazard or mishap. * **Risk communication**: is the interactive process of exchanging risk information and opinions among stakeholders. * **Risk management**: is the process by which assessed risks are mitigated, minimized, or controlled through engineering, management, or operational means. This involves the optimal allocation of available resources in support of safety,, performance, cost, and schedule. * **Unacceptable risk**: Risk that cannot be tolerated. * **Acceptable risk**: That part of identified mishap risk allowed to persist without taking further engineering or management action to eliminate or reduce risk, based on knowledge and decision-making. The system user is consciously exposed to this risk. It is a risk level achieved after risk reduction measures have been applied, and that is accepted for a given task (hazardous situation) or hazard. For the purpose of this standard, the terms "acceptable risk" and "tolerable risk" are considered synonymous. * **Accepted risk**: Accepted risk has two parts: (1) risk that is knowingly understood and accepted by the system developer or user and (2) risk that is not known or understood and is accepted by default. * **Residual risk**: Overall risk remaining after system safety mitigation efforts have been fully implemented. It is, according to MIL-STD-882D, "the remaining mishap risk that exists after all mitigation techniques have been implemented or exhausted, in accordance with the system safety design order of precedence." Residual risk is the sum of all risk after mishap risk management has been applied. This is the total risk passed on to the user. * **Mitigation**: is an action taken to reduce the risk presented by a hazard, by modifying the hazard in order to decrease the mishap probability and/or the mishap severity. Mitigation is generally accomplished through design measures, use of safety devices, warning devices, training, or procedures. It is also referred to as hazard mitigation and risk mitigation. * **As low as reasonably practical (ALARP)**: The level of mishap risk that has been established and is considered as low as reasonably possible and still acceptable. It is based on a set of predefined ALARP conditions and is considered acceptable. * **Mishap**: is an unplanned event or series of events resulting in death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment. ## Domain 2 Quiz 2 Questions 1. When attempting to change safety-related workplace behaviors, the following are all basic steps in the process except: * Identify critical behaviors. * Establish a behavior-based safety program. * Conduct measurement through observation. * Give performance feedback. 2. The audit objectives define what is to be accomplished by the individual audit and may include which of the following? * Evaluation of the ineffective monitoring of audit program outcomes. * Determination of the extent of nonconformity of activities, processes, and products with the requirements and procedures of the management system. * Conformity with audit program procedures * Determination of the extent to which a company's management system or parts of it, conforms to the audit criteria. 3. Guides and observers (e.g., regulators or other interested parties) may accompany the audit team. Which of the following best describes the roles of these parties? * Guides are appointed by the auditor. * Observers can assist the auditors with suggestions. * Guides ensure that rules concerning location safety and security procedures are known to audit team members. * Observers cannot be denied from taking part in audit activities. 4. Under which category do the following activities belong? A major construction project management team implemented a series of toolbox safety meetings held at the beginning of each shift; housekeeping initiatives; barricade performance for elevated areas; and management walk-through audits to demonstrate leadership and commitment. * Union organizing inhibitors * Leading indicators * Lagging indicators * Cost indicators 5. Regarding collecting and verifying information, all of the following statements are correct except: * Information relevant to the audit objectives, scope, and criteria should be collected by appropriate sampling. * Only verifiable information should be accepted as audit evidence. * Audit findings do not need to be recorded. * The audit team should address any new circumstances that may occur. 6. Which of the following defines a system safety technique that selects an undesired event whose possibility or probability is to be determined and then reviews system requirements, functions, and designs to determine how the top or initial event could occur? * Fault tree analysis * Boolean algebra * Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) * Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) 7. To construct an eye in a one-half-inch wire rope, how many clips are required? * 3 clips with U-bolts on live end * 4 clips with U-bolts on live end * 3 clips with U-bolts on dead end * 4 clips with U-bolts on dead end 8. The most correct statement concerning the Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) is: * FMECA is an extension of FMEA. * FMECA is a tool of the nuclear industry. * FMECA is a quality tool, not a system safety tool. * FMECA is reliability, not hazard, based. 9. The best protection when dealing with hoisting and rigging equipment includes having: * chains, slings, and ropes inspected before each job. * hoisting and lifting equipment inspected daily. * a thorough inspection every 18 months of all chains in use. * the use of wire rope bird caged for lifting, if provided with Crosby clamps every six inches. 10. The ISO standard that covers environmental management is: * 9000. * 10,000. * 12,000. * 14,000. 11. What is the design that attempts to ensure that a failure will leave the product unaffected or will convert it to a state in which no injury or damage will occur? * Fail-safe * Fail-secure * Fail-operations * Fail-proof 12. A conveyor belt that runs parallel to a walkway has smooth rods rotating beneath the belt and rods sticking out 3/4 inch past the belt edge. What is the best action to protect workers from this potential hazard? * Do nothing, because 3/4 inch isn't enough for concern. * Place caps over the ends of each rod. * Paint rod ends yellow to warn of possible hazard. * Attach a guard the full length of the conveyor belt that covers rod ends. 13. Which of the following is considered a direct cost when defining hidden costs of an accident? * Time lost from work by injured workers. * Time lost by fellow workers. * Payment and benefits for lost time. * Loss of production. 14. What type of manager utilizes an external reward and punishment system to affect performance? * Theory X * Theory Y * MBO * TQM 15. According to Frederick Herzberg's work, which of the following factors is a hygiene factor, as opposed to a motivational factor? * Money * Recognition * Responsibility * Achievement. 16. Which of the following factors does not affect how individuals behave pertaining to workplace safety? * Attitudes toward safety. * Views regarding team effort. * Recognition for personal efforts. * Moral standards. 17. Which of these terms refers to someone identified with a group or category with oversimplified attributes associated with that person/group? * Selective perception. * Stereotype. * Halo effect * Projection. 18. A company's health and safety management program's audit reveals that the program has failed to accomplish the stated objective of accident prevention. Accident rates are very high, but morale and discipline are low. Varying standards exist throughout the company and supervisors openly defy management authority. What is the best explanation for the safety program management failure? * The safety director neglects to establish an effective program. * Top management fails to support the accident prevention effort. * Management at all levels fails to manage, lead, and direct the workforce. * Procedures to identify correct and safe methods for job accomplishment are ignored. 19. In order to select a system from among three potential safety design candidates, a Safety and Health consultant must recognize that system failure will result in a loss, regardless of choice. An elementary design for each system showing probability of failure is shown below using standard "fault tree" symbols. Which system has the lowest overall failure probability? * System "A" has lower probability, and offers redundancy. * System "B" has lower probability, but has two potential single-point failures. * System "C" is the simplest and has lowest probability. * The probability is the same for all three systems. 20. What is a warning sign's primary purpose? * Information for supervisor. * Information for employees. * Employees' hazard recognition and comprehension. * Company protection from OSHA citations and lawsuits ### Domain 2 Quiz 2 Answers 1. Answer: B. According to the NSC (2015), the three basic steps of the behavior-based safety process are: * Identify Critical Behaviors: Employers write, in observable terms, what employees should do to properly perform their jobs. The safety and health professional can list a few critical behaviors or a complete inventory, depending on the scope and results desired. * Conduct Measurement through Observations: Trained observers watch the workplace to determine if listed behaviors are performed safely or unsafely. The total number of observed behaviors is divided into the number of safe behaviors to obtain a percentage figure for safe behaviors. * Give Performance Feedback: The percentage figure for safe behaviors is shown on a graph displayed in the workplace. At regular intervals, behaviors are again observed and new safe behavior figures are added to the graph. Studies show this critical feedback will improve safety behaviors. Praise and recognition from managers or peer pressure can be effective ways to encourage and reinforce safe behaviors. * Once data is collected, the data analysis includes: * Closing the improvement loop. * Identifying and correcting equipment and design barriers. * Establishing procedures and solutions instead of temporary corrections. 2. Answer: D. Each individual audit should be based on documented audit objectives, scope, and criteria. These should be defined by the person managing the audit program and be consistent with the overall audit program objectives. The audit objectives define what is to be accomplished by the individual audit and may include the following: * Determination of the extent of conformity of the management system to be audited, or parts of it, with audit criteria. * Determination of the extent of conformity of activities, processes, and products with the requirements and procedures of the management system . * Evaluation of the capability of the management system to ensure compliance with legal and contractual requirements and other requirements to which the organization is committed. * Evaluation of the effectiveness of the management system in meeting its specified objectives. * Identification of areas for potential improvement of the management system. * The audit scope should be consistent with the audit program and audit objectives. It includes such factors as physical locations, organizational units, and activities and processes to be audited, as well as the time period covered by the audit. * The audit criteria are used as a reference against which conformity is determined and may include applicable policies, procedures, standards, legal requirements, management system requirements, contractual requirements, sector codes of conduct, or other planned arrangements. 3. Answer: C. They should not influence or interfere with the conduct of the audit. If this cannot be assured, the audit team leader should have the right to deny observers from taking part in certain audit activities. For observers, any obligations in relation to health and safety, security, and confidentiality should be managed between the audit client and the auditee. Guides, appointed by the auditee, should assist the audit team and act on the request of the audit team leader. Their responsibilities should include the following: * Assisting the auditors in identifying individuals to participate in interviews and confirming timings. * Arranging access to specific locations of the auditee. * Ensuring that rules concerning location safety and security procedures are known and respected by the audit team members and observers. * The role of the guide may also include the following: * Witnessing the audit on behalf of the auditee. * Providing clarification or assisting in collecting information. 4. Answer: B. According to authors Marlowe and Skrabak (2007), the selection of leading indicators is largely judgmental and only time will tell whether the indicators selected are the right ones. It seems logical to suggest that the leading indicators selected should relate directly to opportunities to reduce risk by improving those safety management processes that analysis indicates need lagging indicators are accidents and cost trends, and sometimes near misses. Toolbox safety meetings held at the beginning of each shift; housekeeping; barricade performance for elevated areas; and management walking around to show leadership and commitment are generally considered examples of leading indicators. 5. Answer: C. During the audit, information relevant to the audit objectives, scope, and criteria, including information relating to interfaces between functions, activities, and processes, should be collected by means of appropriate sampling and should be verified. Only information that is verifiable should be accepted as audit evidence. Audit evidence leading to audit findings should be recorded. If, during the collection of evidence, the audit team becomes aware of any new or changed circumstances or risks, the team should address them accordingly. * NOTE 1: Guidance on sampling is given in Clause B.3 of ISO 19011. 6. Answer: A. This is a description of fault tree analysis, which uses deductive analysis involving reasoning from the general to the specific. Most other safety analyses use inductive reasoning and progress from a specific item to the general overall failure. 7. Answer: C. Three clips are required, and the U-bolt or U-clip always goes on the dead end. The most common method of making a loop or eye in a wire rope involves the use of cable or "Crosby" clips. The Crosby clip consists of a U-bolt and saddle and if used correctly produces an excellent connection. However, even one loose or incorrectly applied clip reduces the efficiency of the connection by as much as 50%. 8. Answer: A. The Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) tabulates the ways in which equipment and components can fail, and the effects of these failures on a system, process, or plant. Failure modes describe the ways in which equipment can fail (such as open, closed, on, off, leaks, etc.). The analyst lists all of the components of the system under review and all the failure modes for these components. The FMEA identifies the individual failure modes that can either cause or contribute to an accident. This method of analysis does not address multiple failures. An FMEA analysis should produce a qualitative, systematic list of equipment and components, a list of associated failure modes, and a list of the effects of the failure modes on the system. The list of effects should include a worst-case estimate of the consequences of each failure mode. The information produced by an FMEA analysis can be used to support recommendations for increased equipment and component reliability that would improve safety. 9. Answer: A. The GHS symbols have been incorporated into pictograms for use on the GHS label. Pictograms include the harmonized hazard symbols plus other graphic elements, such as borders, background patterns, or colors that are intended to convey specific information. For transport, pictograms will have the background, symbol, and colors currently used in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations. For other sectors, pictograms will have a black symbol on a white background with a red diamond frame. A black frame may be used for shipments within one country. The GHS pictogram for the same hazard should not be located where a transport pictogram appears. 10. Answer: B. The GHS Working Group identified about 35 different types of information currently required on labels by different systems. To harmonize, key information elements needed to be identified. Additional harmonization may occur on other elements in time, in particular for precautionary statements. * Product identifier * Supplier identifier * Chemical identity * Hazard pictograms * Signal words * Hazard statements * Precautionary information 11. Answer: C. Most experts agree that there are two primary actions that influence behavior change the most: positive reinforcement and reinforcing the behavior as close to action time as possible. The first step in improving behavior in an organization is to establish an ethics program to address organizational culture issues. Safety incentive programs should be designed to influence and change behaviors. 12. Answer: B. The role of a staff safety professional is to consult and influence. Because safety should be built into line performance, a key role of a safety professional is to influence line management to accept accountability for safety performance. 13. Answer: B. In the OSHA lock-out/tag-out standard (29 CFR 1910.147), an authorized employee is one who locks out or tags out the machine or equipment in order to perform servicing or maintenance. An affected employee is one whose job requires him/her to operate or use a machine or equipment on which servicing or maintenance is being performed under lock-out/tag-out, or whose job requires him/her to work in an area in which such servicing or maintenance is being performed. Authorized employees must receive training in the recognition of hazardous energy sources, the type and magnitude of the energy available in the workplace, and methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control. Affected employees need training in the purpose and use of energy control devices. The most significant item in safe operating procedures for equipment maintenance is ensuring that energy at the machine is zero and will remain that way during the repair. A review of 29 CFR 1910.147 is recommended if unfamiliar with OSHA's lock-out/tag-out requirements. 14. Answer: B. The critical incident technique asks those participating to describe any incidents that come to their attention. This technique can be useful in investigating worker-equipment relationships in past or existing systems, evaluating modifications to existing systems, or developing new systems. The behavior sampling or activity sampling technique involves observation of worker behaviors at random intervals and classifying these behaviors as safe or unsafe. 15. Answer: B. Safety through design is defined as the integration of hazard analysis and risk assessment methods early in the design and redesign processes and taking the actions necessary so that risks of injury or damage are at an acceptable level. This concept encompasses facilities, hardware, equipment, tools, materials, layout and configuration, energy controls, environmental concerns, and products. Severity: The extent of harm or damage that could result from a hazard. Prevention through design: Addressing occupational safety and health needs in design and redesign processes to prevent or minimize work-related hazards and risks associated with construction, manufacture, use, maintenance, and disposal of facilities, materials, equipment, and processes. Hierarchy of controls is a systematic way of thinking and acting, considering steps in a ranked and sequential order, to choose the most effective means of eliminating or reducing hazards and risks that derive from them. An example is the requirement of suppliers of services to attest that processes have been applied to identify and analyze hazards and to reduce risks deriving from those hazards to an acceptable level. There is precedent for having suppliers attest that risk analyses have been completed. Manufacturers of equipment to be used in the European Union are required by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards to certify that they have met applicable standards, including ISO 12100-1 and ISO 14121. 16. Answer: A. The Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis methodology is a systematic way to examine how process variations affect a system. Process variations occur as a result of equipment failures, human errors, and process upsets such as localized chemical reactions. The technique can be used for systems with continuous processes as well as batch processes. The use of the HAZOP analysis methodology requires detailed information about the design and operation of the process. The HAZOP methodology is most effective during the design phase of a process or for existing processes. In the HAZOP analysis, a hazard evaluation team composed of experts from different areas systematically examines every part of the process to discover how process design deviations can occur. The hazard evaluation team leader systematically guides the team through the process design, using a fixed set of guide words. These guide words are applied at crucial points or nodes of the process. The guide words include no, more, less, as well as, part of, reverse, and other than. They are combined with a condition, such as flow or pressure, to define the deviation. For example, "What is the effect of low flow on the process?" Typical deviations include leaks or ruptures, loss of containment, ignition sources, and chemical reactions. The HAZOP analysis should identify hazards and operating problems, and enable the HAZOP team to recommend design or procedural changes that will improve the safety of the process. The results of the HAZOP analysis are documented in a tabular format with a separate table for each segment of the process under study. 17. Answer: C. The Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) tabulates the ways in which equipment and components can fail, and the effects of these failures on a system, process, or plant. Failure modes describe the ways in which equipment can fail (such as open, closed, on, off, leaks, etc.). The analyst lists all of the components of the system under review and all the failure modes for these components. The FMEA identifies the individual failure modes that can either cause or contribute to an accident. This method of analysis does not address multiple failures. An FMEA analysis should produce a qualitative, systematic list of equipment and components, a list of associated failure modes, and a list of the effects of the failure modes on the system. The list of effects should include a worst-case estimate of the consequences of each failure mode. The information produced by an FMEA analysis can be used to support recommendations for increased equipment and component reliability that would improve safety. 18. Answer: A. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is a deductive analysis technique that allows the analyst to determine the combinations of failures that are necessary to achieve an event defined as the top or undesired event. FTA is well suited for the analysis of highly redundant systems. The fault tree is a graphic model that displays the various combinations of equipment/component failures and human errors that can give rise to the top event. The FTA provides a means to qualitatively or quantitatively identify the frequency of the top event. It is a deductive technique that employs Boolean logic (the use of AND and OR gate logic) to relate the top event to a combination of basic events that must occur in order for the top event to happen. The fault tree, once constructed, can be quantified by using the failure rate data for the basic events (i.e., those events at the bottom of the tree). A quantified fault tree projects the rate of occurrence for the top event. 19. Answer: B. The arc flash boundary for systems 50 volts and greater shall be the distance at which the incident energy equals 5 J/cm² (1.2 cal/cm²). Determining accurate onset to second-degree burn energy and its significance in computing the arc flash boundary is focused on the prevention of injury to the skin of a human who might be exposed to an arc flash. Different formulas have been proposed to calculate incident energy at an assumed working distance, and the arc flash boundary, in order to determine arc rated personal protective equipment for Qualified Electrical Workers (Table 10). The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard P1584 _Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations_ [1584 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations. IEEE Industry Applications Society. September 2002] and formulas provided in Annex D of NFPA 70E [NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace. 2012.] and CSA Z462 [CSA Z462 Workplace Electrical Safety Standards. 2012.] Workplace electrical safety standards are the most often utilized in the industry to perform arc flash hazard analysis. The formulas are based on incident energy testing performed and calculations conducted for a selected range of prospective fault currents, system voltages, physical configurations, etc. * **Limited Approach Boundary**: Entered only by qualified persons or unqualified persons that have been advised and are escorted by a qualified person. * **Restricted Approach Boundary**: Entered only by qualified persons required to use shock protection techniques and PPE. * **Flash Protection Boundary**: Linear distance to prevent any more than second-degree burns from a potential arc flash (typically 4 feet). The purpose incident energy calculations is to determine the appropriate PPE that will limit the possible thermal energy exposure to critical body parts, such as the face and chest areas. Usually, the calculations give the heat exposure in calories/cm² or joules/cm². Once you know the heat exposure level, you can choose the protective clothing to best protect your employees. 20. Answer: C. Behavior sampling or activity sampling technique involves observation of worker behaviors at random intervals by organizational experts and classification of these natural risk behaviors according to whether they are safe or unsafe. Using this technique, management can apply various components of a safety program (such as safety lectures, posters, brief safety talks, safety inspections, motion picture films, and supervisory training) and immediately note their influence on workers' unsafe behavior. 21. Answer: D. Loss reduction means any action that reduces the losses incurred. The reduction may be by decrease of the physical destruction (as by reducing the amount of material burned