Medical Terminology PDF

CHAPTER 5 Medical Terminology Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com. National EMS Education Standard Competencies Medical Terminology Copyright ©...

CHAPTER 5 Medical Terminology Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com. National EMS Education Standard Competencies Medical Terminology Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Uses foundational anatomical and medical terms and abbreviations in written and oral communication with colleagues and other health care professionals. Introduction (1 of 2)  EMTs need a working knowledge of medical terminology. Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  They need to understand:  Key terms  Symbols  Abbreviations Introduction (2 of 2)  Determine the meaning of an unknown word by: Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Understanding how terms are formed  Learning the definitions for parts of a term  Understanding medical jargon leads to effective communication. Anatomy of a Medical Term (1 of 9)  Medical terms are made of distinct parts that perform specific functions. Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Changing or deleting any part can change the function (meaning) of a word. Anatomy of a Medical Term (2 of 9)  Components that comprise medical terms include the: Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Word root  Prefix  Suffix  Combining vowels Anatomy of a Medical Term (3 of 9)  How the parts of a term are combined determines its meaning. Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Accurate spelling is essential.  -phasia means speaking; -phagia means eating or swallowing.  Dys- means difficult or painful.  Dysphasia means difficulty speaking.  Dysphagia means difficulty eating or swallowing. Anatomy of a Medical Term (4 of 9)  How the parts of a term are combined determines its meaning (cont’d) Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Also important:  Knowledge of anatomy  Context of how words are used Anatomy of a Medical Term (5 of 9)  Word roots Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Main part or stem of a word  Conveys the essential meaning  Frequently indicates a body part Anatomy of a Medical Term (6 of 9)  Word roots (cont’d) Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Add or change a prefix or suffix to change the meaning of the term.  Cardiopulmonary breaks down into:  Cardio is a word root meaning “heart”  Pulmon is a word root meaning “lungs” Anatomy of a Medical Term (7 of 9)  Prefixes Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Appear at the beginning of a word  Usually describe location or intensity  Give the word root its specific meaning Anatomy of a Medical Term (8 of 9)  Suffixes Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Appear at the end of words  Usually indicate a:  Procedure  Condition  Disease  Part of speech Anatomy of a Medical Term (9 of 9)  Combining vowels Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Connects word root to suffix or other word root  Most cases, it’s an o; may also be an i or e  Used when joining:  A suffix that begins with a consonant  Another word root Word Building Rules  Summary of rules Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  The prefix is at the beginning of a term.  The suffix is at the end of a term.  Use a combining vowel when:  The suffix begins with a consonant (to ease pronunciation).  A term has more than one word root. Plural Endings  Apply these rules. Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Sometimes you add an s (lung to lungs)  Words ending in:  a change to ae (vertebra to vertebrae)  is change to es (diagnosis to diagnoses)  ex or ix change to ices (apex to apices)  on or um change to a (ganglion to ganglia, ovum to ova)  us change to i (bronchus to bronchi)  Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Special Word Parts (1 of 4)  Positions and directions  Prefixes can indicate:  Numbers  Colors Special Word Parts (2 of 4)  Numbers Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Some prefixes indicate that a term involves a number or two (or more) parts or sides.  Examples: uni-, dipl-, null-, primi-, multi-, bi- Special Word Parts (3 of 4)  Colors Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Several word roots describe color.  Examples: cyan/o, leuk/o, erythr/o, cirrh/o, melan/o Special Word Parts (4 of 4)  Positions and directions Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Prefixes can describe a position, direction, or location.  Examples: ab-, ad-, de-, circum-, peri-, trans-, epi-, supra- Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms (1 of 15)  Directional terms Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Needed to discuss:  Where an injury is located  How pain radiates in the body Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms (2 of 15)  Some directional terms include: Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Right and left  Superior and inferior  Lateral and medial  Proximal and distal  Superficial and deep Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms (3 of 15)  Some directional terms include (cont’d): Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Ventral and dorsal  Palmar and plantar  Apex Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms (4 of 15)  Superior and inferior Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Superior  Nearer to the head  Inferior  Nearer to the feet  Terms describe the relationship of one structure to another.  Example: The knee is superior to the foot and inferior to the pelvis. Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms (5 of 15)  Lateral and medial Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Lateral (outer)  Body parts that lie farther from the midline  Medial (inner)  Body parts that lie closer to the midline Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms (6 of 15)  Proximal and distal Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Describe the relationship of any two structures on an extremity  Proximal: Closer to the trunk  Distal: Farther from the trunk/nearer to the free end of the extremity Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms (7 of 15)  Superficial and deep Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Superficial  Means closer to or on the skin  Deep  Means farther inside the body/tissue, and away from the skin Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms (8 of 15)  Ventral and dorsal Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Ventral  Refers to the belly side of the body, or the anterior surface of the body  Dorsal  Refers to the spinal side of the body, or the posterior surface of the body  Posterior surface of the body (eg, dorsal fin of a dolphin) Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms (9 of 15)  Ventral and dorsal (cont’d) Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  More commonly used terms are:  Anterior: front surface of the body  Posterior: back surface of the body Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms (10 of 15)  Palmar and plantar Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Palmar surface  Front region of the hand (the palm)  Plantar surface  Bottom of the foot Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms (11 of 15)  Apex (apices) Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Tip(s) of a structure  Example: The apex of the heart is the bottom (inferior portion) of the ventricles. Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms (12 of 15)  Movement terms Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Flexion = bending of a joint  Extension = straightening of a joint  Adduction = motion toward the midline  Abduction = motion away from the midline Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms (13 of 15)  Other directional terms Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Bilateral = both sides of midline  Structures inside the body also appear on both sides of midline  Unilateral = only one side of the body Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms (14 of 15)  Anatomic positions Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Prone or supine  Prone means lying face down.  Supine means lying face up.  Fowler position  Semi-reclining with head elevated Common Direction, Movement, and Position Terms (15 of 15)  Anatomic positions (cont’d) Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Semi-Fowler  Patient sits at a 45-degree angle.  High-Fowler  Patient sits at a 90-degree angle. Breaking Terms Apart (1 of 5)  Use the meaning of parts to decipher the term. Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Define in this order:  The suffix  The prefix  The word root Breaking Terms Apart (2 of 5)  Nephropathy Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  nephr/o/pathy  -pathy (means “disease”)  o (combining form)  nephr (meaning “kidney”)  nephropathy = disease of the kidney Breaking Terms Apart (3 of 5)  Dysuria Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  dys/ur/ia  -ia (means “condition of”)  dys- (means “difficult, painful, or abnormal”)  ur (means “urine”)  dysuria = painful urination Breaking Terms Apart (4 of 5)  Hyperemesis Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  hyper/emesis  hyper- (prefix meaning “excessive”)  emesis (word root meaning “vomiting”)  hyperemesis = excessive vomiting Breaking Terms Apart (5 of 5)  Analgesic Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  an/alges/ic  -ic (suffix meaning “pertaining to”)  -an (prefix meaning “without” or “absence of”)  alges (word root meaning “pain”)  analgesic = pertaining to no pain Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols (1 of 3)  Shorthand used for communication Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Developed for speed  Do not trade speed for accuracy  Use only commonly understood acronyms and abbreviations to minimize errors  Some agencies limit the use of abbreviations Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols (2 of 3)  Abbreviations Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Take the place of words to shorten notes/documentation  Use only accepted ones to avoid confusion/errors.  Be familiar with abbreviations in your service area. Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols (3 of 3)  Symbols Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com  Sometimes used as a shortcut  Use only accepted symbols to avoid confusion/errors. Review 1. Which of the following components of a medical term conveys its essential meaning? Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. Prefix B. Suffix C. Word root D. Combining vowels Review Answer: C Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Rationale: The word root conveys the essential meaning of a medical term. The prefix usually describes location or intensity. The suffix will indicate a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech. Combining vowels are used to connect a word to the suffix or word root. Review 1. Which of the following components of a medical term conveys its essential meaning? Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. Prefix Rationale: The prefix describes location or intensity. B. Suffix Rationale: The suffix indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech. C. Word root Rationale: Correct answer D. Combining vowels Rationale: Combining vowels are used to connect a word to the suffix or other root word.  Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com 2. Prefixes can indicate: procedures. body parts. conditions. color. Review D. C. A. B. Review Answer: A Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Rationale: Prefixes are used to indicate colors, numbers, position, or direction. Suffixes will indicate a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech. Word roots will indicate specific body parts. Review 2. Prefixes can indicate: Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. color. Rationale: Correct answer B. conditions. Rationale: Conditions are indicated by the suffix. C. body parts. Rationale: Body parts are indicated by the word root. D. procedures. Rationale: Procedures are indicated by the suffix.  Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com The plural form of the word bronchus is: bronchices. bronchae. bronches. bronchi. Review D. C. A. B. 3. Review Answer: D Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Rationale: When a word ends in us, the plural form will end in i. For words that end in a, the plural form will end in ae. When words end in is, the plural form will end in es. Words that end in ex or ix will have a plural form that end in ices. Review 3. The plural form of the word bronchus is: Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. bronchae. Rationale: For words that end in a the plural form will end in ae. B. bronches. Rationale: When words end in is the plural form will end in es. C. bronchices. Rationale: Words that end in ex or ix will have a plural form that end in ices. D. bronchi. Rationale: Correct answer Review 4. The statement, “the lungs are superior to the bladder” indicates that the lungs are closer to the: Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. feet. B. surface of the skin. C. head. D. trunk. Review Answer: C Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Rationale: The term superior is used to indicate a structure is closer to the head than another structure. Inferior is the term used to describe a structure that is closer to the feet. Superficial is used to describe a structure that is closer to the skin than another. Proximal is used to describe a structure that is closer to the trunk in comparison to another. Review 4. The statement, “the lungs are superior to the bladder” indicates that the lungs are closer to the: Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. feet. Rationale: The term inferior is used to describe one structure being closer to the feet than another. B. surface of the skin. Rationale: The term superficial is used to indicate that one structure is closer to the skin than another. C. head. Rationale: Correct answer D. trunk. Rationale: The term proximal is used to indicate that one structure is closer to the trunk than another. Review 5. Movement of the arm toward midline is referred to as: Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. flexion. B. extension. C. adduction. D. abduction. Review Answer: C Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Rationale: The term adduction is used to describe movement of a structure towards the midline of the body. Flexion refers to the bending of a joint. Extension refers to the straightening of a joint. Abduction is used to describe movement of a structure away from the midline of the body. Review 5. Movement of the arm toward midline is referred to as: A. flexion. Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Rationale: Flexion refers to the bending of a joint. B. extension Rationale: Extension refers to the straightening of a joint. C. adduction. Rationale: Correct answer D. abduction. Rationale: Abduction refers to motion away from the midline. Review 6. A body part that lies closer to the midline when compared to another is considered to be: Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. medial. B. distal. C. lateral. D. proximal. Review Answer: A Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Rationale: The term medial is used to identify a body part that closer to the midline when compare to another. Distal is used to refer to a body part that is further away from the trunk in comparison to another. Lateral refers to a describe a structure that lies away from midline or towards the side of the body. Proximal is used to describe a body part that is closer to the trunk when compared to another. Review 6. A body part that lies closer to the midline when compared to another is considered to be: Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. medial. Rationale: Correct answer B. distal. Rationale: Distal is used to describe a body part that is farther from the trunk than another. C. lateral. Rationale: The term lateral is used to describe a body part that lies away from the midline or toward the side. D. proximal. Rationale: Proximal is used to describe a body part that is closer to the trunk than another. Review 7. This is used to identify a body part that is on the “belly side” or anterior surface of the body. Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. Deep B. Superficial C. Dorsal D. Ventral Review Answer: D Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Rationale: Ventral is used to identify a body part that is located on the “belly side” or anterior surface of the body. Deep is used to describe a structure that is further away from the skin’s surface. Superficial refers to a structure that is close to the skin’s surface. Dorsal describes a structure on the back or posterior side of the body. Review 7. This is used to identify a body part that is on the “belly side” or anterior surface of the body. Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. Deep Rationale: Deep refers to a structure that is farther away from the skin’s surface. B. Superficial Rationale: Superficial refers to a structure that is closer to the skin’s surface. C. Dorsal Rationale: Dorsal refers to the back or posterior side of the body. D. Ventral Rationale: Correct answer Review 8. You place a patient in the semi-Fowler position for transport. This means the patient is: Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. lying on his or her back. B. lying on his or her stomach. C. sitting at a 45-degree angle. D. sitting at a 90-degree angle. Review Answer: C Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Rationale: A patient that is sitting at a 45-degree angle is said to be in a semi- Fowler position. A patient is said to be supine when positioned on his or her back. When a patient is lying on his or her stomach, they are said to be in a prone position. If you have a patient sitting at a 90-degree angle, you have placed them in a high-Fowler position. Review 8. You place a patient in the semi-Fowler position for transport. This means the patient is: Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. lying on his or her back. Rationale: Supine is used to describe the position when a patient is lying on his or her back. B. lying on his or her stomach. Rationale: Prone is used to describe the position when a patient is lying on his or her stomach. C. sitting at a 45-degree angle. Rationale: Correct answer D. sitting at a 90-degree angle. Rationale: High-Fowler is used to describe the position when a patient is sitting at a 90-degree angle. Review 9. A laceration located on the plantar surface is on the: A. sole of the foot. Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com B. palm of the hand. C. back of the body. D. front of the body. Review Answer: A Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Rationale: Plantar refers to the soles of the feet while palmar refers to the palms of the hands. Dorsal or posterior is used when referring to the back of the body. Ventral or anterior is used to when referring to the front of the body. Review 9. A laceration located on the plantar surface is on the: Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. sole of the foot. Rationale: Correct answer B. palm of the hand. Rationale: Palmar is used to describe the palm of the hand. C. back of the body. Rationale: Dorsal or posterior is used when describing the back of the body. D. front of the body. Rationale: Ventral or anterior is used when describing the front of the body. Review 10. When using abbreviations, acronyms, or symbols, an EMT should: Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. be familiar with those used in your agency. B. use only those that are medically accepted. C. use them to shorten documentation. D. All of the above. Review Answer: D Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com Rationale: Before using abbreviations, acronyms, or symbols in your documentation, it is important to know which ones are accepted for use by your agency. You should only use those that are medically accepted so anyone who is reading your report can understand what you are saying. To minimize the length of your documentation you can use abbreviations, acronyms, and/or symbols. Review 10. When using abbreviations, acronyms, or symbols, an EMT should: Copyright © 2021 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC an Ascend Learning Company. www.jblearning.com A. be familiar with those used in your agency. Rationale: Correct answer. An EMT should be familiar with the abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols, used by his or her agency. B. use only those that are medically accepted. Rationale: Correct answer. An EMT should use abbreviations, acronyms, or symbols that are medically accepted. C. use them to shorten documentation. Rationale: Correct answer. EMTs can use abbreviations, acronyms, or abbreviations to shorten documentation. D. All of the above. Rationale: Correct answer.