97-128_Living Together SB Course 7.pdf

Lesson 1 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World 5-In the Nineteenth Century The modern history of petroleum began in the nineteenth century with the refining of kerosene from crude oil. - The world’s first commercial oil well was drilled in Poland in 1853, and the second in nearby Romania in 185...

Lesson 1 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World 5-In the Nineteenth Century The modern history of petroleum began in the nineteenth century with the refining of kerosene from crude oil. - The world’s first commercial oil well was drilled in Poland in 1853, and the second in nearby Romania in 1857. Romania is the first country in the world to have its crude oil output officially recorded in international statistics, namely 275 tons. - In 1885 oil was discovered in Sumatra by the Royal Dutch. - In 1893 the first well was drilled in Los Angeles. - By the end of the nineteenth century the Russian Empire had taken the lead in the production of crude oil. Lukasiewicz was a Polish who saw the potential of using seep oil in lamps as a cheap alternative to expensive whale oil. To make a clean-burning fuel, he began experimenting with distillation techniques to produce clear kerosene from smelly seep oil. His experiments gained notoriety, and the European oil industry was born on a dark night on July 31, 1853 when Lukasiewicz was called to a local hospital to provide light from one of his lamps for an emergency surgery. Impressed with his invention, the hospital ordered several lamps and 500 kg of kerosene. 91 Lesson 2 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World Oil Formation and Production A-What is The Process of Oil Formation? Scientists believe petroleum hydrocarbons come from the remains of tiny animals and plants that lived millions of years ago. Below is the explanation of the fossil fuel formation process for oil. When tiny organisms and plants die, they sink to the bottom of the sea. Over millions of years, the remains of these animals and plants were covered by layers of sand and silt. This silt and mud eventually compresses into rock, leaving the organic material trapped between two layers of rock. 92 Lesson 2 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World Heat and volcanic activity help adding extra layers of rock on top of the organic layer. The extra weight of the rock and the heat squeeze the organic material and break it down into something resembling crude oil. Since it is now in a liquid state, the crude oil can move. Oil can float up through the tiny holes in the rock. We call these tiny holes pores. Non-porous rocks do not have these holes in them, but are solid. As a result of the great pressure of the overlying layers, the oil seeps upwards through porous rocks. It does this until it hits a non-porous layer, and there it collects. 93 Lesson 2 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World Petroleum reservoir, or oil and gas reservoir, is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons contained in porous rocks. Wells are drilled into the rocks to pump out the oil. Some wells are more than two miles deep. Oil rigs are used to reach this oil. Figure 4.7: Oil Rig After the oil is drilled, it is sent to refineries. At the refineries, it is cleaned and made into different fuels. Most of the oil is made into gasoline. The oil is moved from one place to another by ships and trucks, and through pipelines. Figure 4.8: Oil Refinery 94 Lesson 2 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World B- How is Crude Oil Used? Figure 4.9: Oil Pipelines Petroleum products are refined from crude oil fuel. The range of oil products varies according to the particular type of crude oil and the refinery design. Factories use oil to make plastics and paints, medicines and soaps. We even burn oil to make electricity. We use more petroleum than any other energy source. On average, processing light crude oil in a modern refinery yields the following range of products: -Gasoline is used to fuel cars, motorcycles, light trucks, small planes, boats, off-road vehicles, snowmobiles, lawnmowers, chainsaws, leaf and snow blowers, emergency generators, camp stoves, etc. 95 Lesson 2 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World -Diesel fuel is used for some cars, most trucks and buses, railway locomotives, construction and forestry equipment, farm tractors, many boats and ships and larger electric generators. -Light fuel oil is used for heating homes and buildings, many industrial processes, and the fuel for some ships. - Asphalt is used for road paving and roofing. -Heavy fuel oil is used for electric power generation, large ships and some industrial processes. -Aviation jet fuel is used for airplanes and helicopters. Gasoline Aviation Jet Fuel Diesel Fuel Refining Process Light Fuel Oil Other Products Heavy Fuel Oil Figure 4.10: How crude oil is used (Source: www.centreforenergy.com) 96 Lesson 3 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World Oil Production and Industry in the Arab World Crude oil production refers to the quantities of oil extracted from the ground after the removal of impurities. It includes crude oil, natural gas liquids and additives. World crude oil production has been increased by 57% over the last 36 years. In 2007, production reached about 82 million barrels per day. Oil barrel, (abbreviation bbl) is equal to 42 gallons. This 42-US-gallon size of barrel as a unit of measure is largely confined to the oil industry, while different sizes of barrels are used in other industries. The Middle East and North Africa are exceptionally well-endowed with energy resources, holding about 70% of the world’s oil reserves at the end of 2008. The terms “Middle East” and “oil-rich” are often taken together as synonyms of each other. The Middle East leads the global market of oil production, especially in countries with an economy heavily based on oil. 97 Lesson 3 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World Major Oil Industry in the Arab World The Arab League, officially called the League of Arab States, which is a regional organization of Arab states in north and northeast Africa and southwest Asia (The Middle East) produces 29.71% of the global production. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Date of Oil Discovery: 1938 Date of Oil Production: 1938 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Oil Industry is the biggest industry in the world. Saudi Arabia oil industry contributes to nearly 13% of the total oil production in the world. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the most important member among the OPEC nations of the world. The oil industry is the generator of the highest revenue in the Saudi Arabian economy. Ghawar is the largest field in Saudi Arabia and is by far the largest conventional oil field in the world. It is located in Al-Ahssa. The Ghawar Oil Field accounts for more than half of the cumulative oil production of Saudi Arabia. 98 Lesson 3 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World United Arab Emirates Date of Oil Discovery: 1953 Date of Oil Production: 1965 The United Arab Emirates share of global production in 2009 was about 3.32%. Oil and gas output account for 33% of GDP and 70% of total exports. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has the world’s sixth largest proven oil reserves and the fifth largest natural gas reserves. Each emirate controls its own oil production and resource development. Abu Dhabi holds 94% of the UAE’s oil resources. Iraq Date of Oil Discovery: 1909 Date of Oil Production: 1934 Iraq’s share of global production in 2009 was about 2.85%. Iraq’s oil fields lie in both the northern and southern part of the country. The most significant oil fields are Kirkuk in the north and Rumaila in the south. There is no doubt that Iraq has a huge oil potential that still needs to be developed. 99 Lesson 3 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World Kuwait Date of Oil Discovery: 1938 Date of Oil Production: 1946 Kuwait’s share of global production in 2009 was about 2.96%. The petroleum industry in Kuwait is the largest industry in the country, accounting nearly half of the country’s GDP. The Burgan Field in the desert of southeastern Kuwait is one of the world’s largest and richest oil fields. Algeria Date of Oil Discovery: 1956 Date of Oil Production: 1956 Algeria’s share of global production in 2009 was about 2.52%. Algeria remains highly dependent on oil and natural gas exports, which account for more than 90% of Algerian export earnings, and about 30% of GDP. Hassi Messaoud is a town in southeast Algeria. It is an oil refinery town named after the first oil well. Hassi Messaoud is considered the First Energy Town in Algeria where all the big oil and gas companies have offices. 100 Lesson 3 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World Libya Date of Oil Discovery: 1958 Date of Oil Production: 1961 Libya’s share of global production in 2009 was about 2.12%. Oil export revenues account for about 80% of GDP and about 95% of Libya’s hard currency earnings. The Sarir Field is considered to be the largest oil field in Libya. Qatar Date of Oil Discovery: 1940 Date of Oil Production: 1940 Qatar’s share of global production in 2009 is about 1.44%. Oil and gas are the cornerstones of Qatar’s economy and account for more than 70% of total government revenue. With only about 20 years left as a major oil exporter, Qatar has made a priority of diversifying its economy and attracting investment. The Al Shaheen Oil Field is a production oil and gas field off the northeast of coast of Qatar in the Arabian Gulf. It is considered the largest gas field in the world. 101 Lesson 4 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World The History of Olive Oil Besides food, olive oil has been used for religious rituals, medicine, and fuel in oil lamps, soap making, and skin care. Ancient documents in Syria indicate that the value of olive oil was half of seed oil. A-The Branches of the Olive Tree Figure 4.11: Tutankhamen’s tomb Ancient Egyptians used the leafy branches of the olive tree as purification and they offered the leaves of the olive tree to deities and powerful figures. Some of the leaves of the olive tree were found in Tutankhamen’s tomb. 102 Lesson 4 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World Figure 4.12: Athena with olive branches Since Ancient times olive branches have been a symbol of peace. They were used to crown the victors of friendly games. B-Olive Production The olive tree is among the oldest known cultivated trees in the world. Its cultivation and oil production have been with mankind since ancient times. Artifacts and archaeological digs have unearthed evidence that the exact place where the olive tree sprung for the first time is the greater Mediterranean Basin. The first cultivation of the olive tree worldwide took place in Greece, and more specific in Crete. This happened about 3500 B.C. in the Early Minoan times. 103 Lesson 4 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World By the time of the Roman Empire, olives were a mainstay of the agricultural economy. The Romans also used the oil to grease the axles of wagons and chariots. The Greeks traded it for wheat. According to Hippocrates, the ‘father of medicine’, olive oil could heal numerous illnesses. Figure 4.13: Roman Gold Coin from A.D. 36 The olive has been an integral part of life in the eastern Mediterranean civilizations. The people of Mediterranean civilizations liked to use the oil of the olive to anoint the body during religious ceremonies, and to light their lamps. Archaeological findings from the Minoan Civilization in Crete are good examples of olive oil’s role in the Cretan or Minoan civilization, which reached its zenith between 2000 and 1450 B.C. 104 Lesson 4 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World Figure 4.14: Olive oil culture in Crete C- The Olive Tree and the Muslims The olive tree and olive oil are mentioned seven times in the Noble Quran, and the olive is praised as a precious fruit. One of the foods to which attention is drawn in the Noble Quran is the olive. The olive tree is also described as a tree that provides edible oil. The first Muslims applied olive oil to their bodies and they used oil on their heads. Early Olive Oil Production Figure 4.15: Ancient olive crusher The primary ingredient of olive oil is the oil that is expressed from ripe olives. Since ancient times, workers have knocked the fruit from the trees with long-handled poles. The process has not changed significantly over the centuries. 105 Lesson 4 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World Early oil producers pressed the olives by crushing them between huge cone-shaped stones as they turned slowly on a base of granite. Archaeologists have discovered an ancient olive press dating back to the Byzantine period at a dig in Palestine. Figure 4.16: Artifacts related to olive culture found in Turkey The highest level of quality of olive oil requires 2,000 olives. The crushed olives were then collected into baskets, and pressed by a second device in order to extract their oil. The oil was then collected in jars. 106 Lesson 5 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World Olive Oil Production in the Arab World Olive oil production has normally been concentrated in the Mediterranean basin countries and other Middle East countries. Spain, Italy, Greece, Tunisia, Syria, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine, Morocco, and Portugal are among the main producers of olives and olive oil. Olive trees have an economic significance in some Arab countries as they provide livelihood for many people and provide foreign currency through the export of olive oil. Figure 4.17: Olive trees in Tunisia A-Tunisia The production of olive oil holds a strategic position in Tunisian agriculture, representing one third of all cultivable land on which 56 million olive trees stand. Tunisia is the 4th main producer of olive oil, after Spain, Italy and Greece. The olive tree has grown in Tunisia since the eighth century B.C.E. introduced by the Phoenicians. Many Mediterranean civilizations such as Greek, Roman, and Arab contributed to its development. Olive oil represents almost 40% of agro-food exports and 5% of the country’s total export. Tunisia exports 66% of its olive oil production. 107 Lesson 5 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World B- Morocco Morocco is an Arab country situated in the northwestern corner of Africa. It sits merely miles from Spain and Europe. Morocco is a traditional producer of olives. It is one of the main exports of olives to the world market. The olive market is one of Morocco’s primary exports. The country has seen a steady increase in olive exports and it maintains an active program to increase olive production by promoting olive tree planting. Olive production in Morocco has served its farmers. Figure 4.18: Olive trees in Morocco The olive’s history in Morocco can be traced to Greek colonizers in Sicily. The Romans were responsible for planting huge groves in North Africa and by the tenth century, olive trees covered the islands of the Mediterranean. The Government of Morocco suggested that if Morocco can increase its production of olives and develop the increased supply of olive oil, it can become a regular exporter in the world market. The country is working to take advantage of its comparative advantage over Spain and the USA in terms of costs of production. 108 Lesson 5 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World C-Syria Many historians believed that olives were first a native of the lands of greater Syria (nearly six thousand years ago), as many scrolls and tablets mentioning olives were discovered in the ruins of the kingdom of Ebla. The Syrian soil and climate provides an ideal environment for the growth of olive trees. Figure 4.19: Olive trees in Syria According to the state news agency, Syrian olive oil exports in 2009 amounted to 74,000 tons, 51.4% of which were exported to Europe, while 16.2% were exported to Arab Gulf countries, 3.5% to Asia, 10.8% to other Arab countries, and 8.1% to other countries. 109 Lesson 5 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World D-Jordan It has been a heritage of Jordan to grow and handpick olives. There are around 17 million olive trees in Jordan, generating a yearly income of JD 100 million, with an average export worth JD 20 million per year, according to Agriculture Ministry figures. Figure 4.20: Olive trees in Jordan A total of 103 oil presses were operating in the Kingdom last year, 101 of which are using advanced technology. 110 Lesson 5 Chapter 4: Oil Resources in the Arab World E-Palestine Many products are extracted from the olive tree in Palestine, these include; olives, olive oil, olive wood, and olive based soap. Olive oil is the second major export item in Palestine; and olive production contributes to about 38.2% of the fruit trees production income. Figure 4.21: Olive trees in Palestine In Palestine the olive tree is prized for its historical presence, its beauty, its symbolism of the Palestinian existence in their land and economic significance. 111 Lesson 3TERMS Chapter AND 4: Oil VOCABULARY Resources in the Arab World Additive: A substance added in small amounts to something else. Agro-food: Agricultural food product. Ebla: An ancient city located in the north of Syria. Fossil fuel: A hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, derived from living matter of a previous geologic time and used for fuel. GDP: Gross Domestic Product. The total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year. Hippocrates: Greek physician who laid the foundations of scientific medicine. Minoan Civilization: The bronze-age culture of Crete that flourished from 300-1100 B.C. Oil reserves: Oil in the ground that cannot be pooled together. OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Phoenicians: Ancient Semitic people. Their country was a narrow strip on the Syrian coast. The area now comprises of Lebanon and parts of Syria and Palestine. Revenue: The total amount of money received by a company for goods sold or services provided during a certain period. Sicily: An island of southern Italy in the Mediterranean Sea west of the southern end of the Italian peninsula. It was colonized from the eighth century B.C. by Greeks. 112 Chapter Five: Human Societies About the Chapter Our human society is important for our well-being. The previous generations have built it up throughout history. You are born into a society that already has been built for you to enjoy living in. The previous generations have accumulated knowledge about this world and this knowledge is available for you. It is your responsibility to develop it and to pass it to the next generation. This Chapter covers the history of human society in terms of group behavior, the processes of social change, and the family as a social organization. Big Idea: It is of fundamental importance for human beings to belong to a society. Chapter 5 Human Societies Lesson 1: The Earliest Human Societies Lesson 2: The Industrial Societies Lesson 3: The Family as a Social Institution Lesson 4: The Family in Constitutions of the World Lesson 5: Challenges Facing Families Lesson Lesson 11 Chapter Chapter5: 5:Human HumanSocieties Societies The TheEarliest EarliestHuman HumanSocieties Societies A-Introduction A-Introduction Discussion Discussion Questions: Questions: Discuss Discuss the the following following questions questions with with your yourpartner. partner. 1-Is 1-Is itit possible possible for for aa man man to to lead lead aa life life without without the the presence presence of of fellow fellowbeings beingsininhis hissurroundings? surroundings? 2-What 2-Whatcomes comesto toyour yourmind mindwhen whenyou youhear hearthe theword word‘society’? ‘society’? There There are are various various different different uses uses of of the the term term "society". "society". The The casual casual meaning meaning of of society society simply simply refers refers to to aa group group of of people people living living together together inin an an ordered ordered community. community. The The term term "society" "society" isis derived derivedfrom fromthe theLatin Latinword wordsocius sociuswhich whichmeans meanscompanionship companionship or orfriendship. friendship.Man Manisisaasocial socialcreature creatureand andthis thiscould couldbe bethe themain main reason reason behind behind man man to to live live inin aa sociable sociable environment. environment. Humans Humans always always seek seek to to live live inin the the company company of of other other people people for for living, living, working workingand andenjoying enjoyinglife. life. Society Society isis an an essential essential condition condition for for human human life life to to continue. continue. Humans Humans must must satisfy satisfy certain certain natural natural basic basic needs needs inin order order to to survive. survive.They Theymust musteat, eat,drink, drink,and andmaintain maintainadequate adequatehealth. health.Man Man can cannot notsatisfy satisfyhis hisneeds needsalone. alone.He Hemust mustenter enterinto intoaarelationship relationship with withpeople peopleififhe heisisto tosurvive. survive. All Allhuman humanactivities activitiesthroughout throughouthistory historyhave havefocused focusedon on establishing establishingstrong strongcommunities communitiesand andorganizing organizingthemselves themselves into intovarious variouskinds kindsof ofsocial socialgroupings groupingssuch suchas; as;nomadic nomadicbands, bands, villages, villages,cities, cities,and andcountries, countries,ininwhich whichthey theywork, work,trade, trade,play, play, reproduce, reproduce,and andinteract interactininmany manyother otherways. ways.In Inthis thislesson lessonyou you will willlearn learnabout aboutmankinds mankindsearliest earliestsocieties. societies. 115 115 Lesson 1 Chapter 5: Human Societies B-Hunter-Gatherer Societies Environment plays an important role in the lives of humans. Before 10,000 years ago human societies completely depended upon their immediate environment. Early humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers who had to follow their food source. Their main means of subsistence was through hunting animals, fishing, and gathering plants. The Characteristics of Hunter-Gatherer Society 1-Hunting-gathering society lived in small bands of about 30 people. The band included several families. 2-Hunting-gathering societies were nomadic, moving constantly in search of food and water. When the animals left the area, the plants died, or the rivers dried up, the society had to move to an area where resources were plentiful. 3- Life was dedicated to food gathering and everybody participated. 4-Hunting was mainly conducted by men. Males traveled long distances to hunt and capture larger animals. 5-Females hunted smaller animals, gathered plants (nuts, berries), made clothing, protected and raised children, and helped the males protect the community from rival groups. 6-Kinship was the most important means of organizing social groups in a hunting-gathering society. There was no central authority but during times of need, elders of the various lineages get together to decide the appropriate actions to be taken. 7-Since there was no private property or anything to fight over, hunting and gathering societies were relatively peaceful and harmonious. 116 Lesson 1 Chapter 5: Human Societies The Development of Tools Early societies made and controlled fire around 500,000 years ago. Think: How did early humans use fire? The Development of Technology Stone tools for cutting were made at least two million years ago. Later complex tools such as bows, flint spearheads, and metal tools were invented. Critical Thinking: How did technology help humans control the environment? How did early humans interact with the environment? The Development of Art The most impressive early works of art were cave paintings that may have had religious significance. It is also possible that these early works of art were primitive calendars or counting systems. Activity: Understanding Primary Sources Artifacts and art are considered primary sources, since the most telling pieces were created during ancient history. Historians might interpret a painting to learn more about ancient history. 117 Lesson 1 Chapter 5: Human Societies Act as a Historian 1-What animals are shown in the paintings? 2-Are there any man-made tools shown in the paintings? What are they? 3-What are the men doing in the painting? 4-What do you learn from this painting? 5-How important is this primary source to historians? Figure 5.1: Lascaux Cave painting, circa 15,000 B.C. C-Horticultural Societies Horticulture was first developed in the Middle East beginning about 9,500 years ago. Horticultural societies are differentiated from hunting-gathering societies by the use of domesticated plants as the major basis for subsistence. They relied on cultivating fruits, vegetables, and plants. The first plants domesticated were the wild grains, barley and wheat, that were common in many regions of the Middle East. 118 Lesson 1 Chapter 5: Human Societies Critical Thinking: Horticultural Society's lifestyle is generally healthy. Explain The Characteristics of Horticultural Societies 1-Like hunting and gathering societies, horticultural societies had to be mobile. The society had to move to an area where the land's resources or water supplies were plentiful. 2-People tend to have to work hard to plant, weed, harvest, and process food in horticultural systems. There is no assistance from animal or mechanical powered tools. 3-Kinship remained the most important means of social organization. 4-Better hunting and gathering technology provided a more stable food supply. D-The Agricultural Societies An agricultural society is a society relying for its subsistence from the cultivation of crops through the use of plows and draft animals. The first agricultural societies emerged 6000 years back in Mesopotamia and Egypt and slightly later in China and India. Certain conditions caused the shift from earlier societies to sedentary agriculture. Some of these conditions are: 1- Growing population that needed more food than the hunting and gathering lifestyle could supply 2-The invention of the wheel and its application both to wagons and to the manufacture of pottery 3- The invention of the plow to cultivate the land. The invention of the plow, about 6,000 years ago, was an event so significant that many historians refer to as the "agricultural revolution". 119 Lesson 1 Chapter 5: Human Societies 4-The use of domesticated animals to pull wagons and plows to cultivate the land. The use of animal power to pull the plow made the agricultural societies far more productive than the horticulturists. 5- The use of wind power for sailboats 6- The invention of writing and numerical notation and invention of the calendar The Characteristics of Agricultural Societies 1-Agricultural societies used technological advances to cultivate crops; especially grains like wheat, rice, corn, and barley. Combining irrigation techniques with the use of the plough increased the productivity and crop yield. In China, agricultural societies developed a separate system of crops based on millet. Somewhat later, farmers of southeast Asia began to cultivate rice. The Aztec agricultural systems featured maize, manioc, and sweet potatoes. 2-As food resources grew faster, so did human populations. Increases in food supplies led to larger populations than in earlier societies. 3-Villages and cultivated fields became the dominant features of human society. As the average size of settlements grew, the first cities arose. During the third millennium, most of the population was urban. 4-Human relations became more intense and complex. As villages and towns expanded into neighboring areas, conflicts with other communities occurred. Farmers provided warriors with food in exchange for protection against invasion by enemies. 120 Lesson 1 Chapter 5: Human Societies 5-The production of food surpluses allowed social differentiation and economic specialization. In agricultural societies the majority of the economy and jobs directly involved agriculture. Land was the major source of wealth. This led to the evolution of distinct social classes - those who owned the land and those who worked on someone else's land. 6-In the earlier societies women had higher social status because they shared labor more equally with men. Farming required less cooperation and sharing than hunting and gathering did. Before, all members of a tribe had to hunt together and share the food. As food stores improved and women in agricultural societies took on lesser roles in providing food for the family, they became more subordinate to men. For example, in Mesopotamia, women’s inferiority to men was taken for granted, but they shared the social standing of their fathers and husbands. Think: How has technology changed societies? Explain: Settled agricultural life had dramatic effects on human society. Activity: Ancient Egypt Agricultural Society With your partner study the paintings. Then write your findings. Read your findings to your class. Figure 5.2: Ancient Egyptian plough, circa 1200 B.C 121 Lesson 1 Chapter 5: Human Societies Figure 5.3: Ancient Egyptian Agriculture, circa 1200 B.C. 122