African Heroes After Independence PDF

FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT DUPLICATE Chapter African heroes after Nine independence Introduction In Chapter Seven, you learnt about the qualities of heroes and how to identify them....

FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT DUPLICATE Chapter African heroes after Nine independence Introduction In Chapter Seven, you learnt about the qualities of heroes and how to identify them. You also learnt about the heroes who resisted colonial rule and the reasons for such resistance. In this chapter, you will learn about the new LY system of colonial rule in Africa that developed after independence. This new system of colonial rule is known as neo-colonialism. You will also learn N about the economic, political and social operation of this new colonial rule in Africa. Finally, you will learn about different methods African heroes used to O resist the new colonial system. The meaning of a hero SE A hero is a person who is admired for having done something very brave or for having achieved something which others have not achieved. He/she is U a person who is admired for his/her courage, outstanding achievements or noble qualities. There are many Africans who are admired and remembered for being heroes and heroines. They are people who are courageous and E who have realised outstanding achievements in dealing with the social, economic and political challenges of their nations. A man is known as a hero N and a woman is known as a heroine. LI Africa has many heroes who resisted neo-colonialism on the continent after independence. Examples of these heroes include Mwl Julius Kambarage N Nyerere and Abeid Amani Karume of Tanzania, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Nelson Mandela of South Africa, Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, Patrice Lumumba O of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Samora Machel of Mozambique and Keneth Kaunda of Zambia. These are examples of the heroes who were also R Heads of State. They resisted colonialism, struggled against neo-colonialism, struggled for freedom and equality, resisted apartheid and opposed all forms FO of oppression and degradation of Africans. However, these are not the only African heroes. We have other heroes and heroines. There are ordinary men and women who are heroes and heroines and who made important and heroic contributions to their families, communities, villages, wards, districts, 110 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 110 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO1NOT regions and nations. Figure DUPLICATE shows the images of some of our African heroes. LY N Mwl Julius K. Nyerere of Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana O Tanzania SE U E N LI Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya Patrice Lumumba of the Democratic Republic of N Congo (DRC) O Figure 1: Some of Africa’s heroes Exercise 1 R Answer the following questions: FO 1. Who is a hero? 2. Mention five heroes who opposed neo-colonialism. 111 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 111 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT New colonial conquests DUPLICATE in Africa Most African countries got their political independence during the 1960s. Few countries became politically independent in the 1950s. They include Libya in 1951, Tunisia and Sudan in 1956 and Ghana in 1957. Other countries got independence in the 1970s; examples of such countries are Mozambique and Angola in 1975 and Zimbabwe in 1980. Others got independence very late, for example Namibia in 1990 and South Africa ended minority rule in1994. After colonialism, the former colonial powers created a new system LY for ensuring that they continued to exploit Africa socially, culturally and economically. They wanted to continue operating in Africa and benefiting from the human and natural resources available in Africa. They influenced N economic, political and social developments on the continent. This was a new O form of colonialism after independence which was known as neo-colonialism. It was established so that the former colonial powers could continue ruling and controlling African nations by using new techniques and building new SE relations with politically independent African nations. These neo-colonial powers included Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, Belgium and the United States of America. In Africa, neo-colonialism started in the 1950s U when African countries began to get their independence. European nations built this new system in cooperation with international institutions. Figure 2 is a map of independent African countries. E N LI N O R FO 112 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 112 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO NOT DUPLICATE LY N O SE U E N LI N O Figure 2: Map of independent African countries R Methods used to facilitate neo-colonialism in Africa FO The former colonial powers and some of the agents of colonialism used three main methods to sustain their presence in Africa after independence, namely political, economic and cultural methods. 113 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 113 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY (a) DO NOT DUPLICATE Political methods The first method was political intervention. The former colonial powers were not happy with the fact that African nations had achieved their independence. The most important political strategy was overthrowing legally elected leaders and installing of puppets instead. The cold war divided the world into a capitalist camp under the United States and a socialist camp under the Soviet Union. It also created conditions suitable for the overthrow of regimes or the killing of African leaders. The capitalist camp overthrew African governments that did not support the interests of the capitalist nations. LY One of the most popular examples of political assassinations happened in the Democratic Republic of Congo. When Beligian Congo got her independence in 1960 Patrice Lumumba was elected Prime Minister. A few months later, N two provinces of Beligian Congo seceded. The provinces were Kasai and O Katanga. This secession was led by Moses Tshombe, who was a puppet of Belgium, the United States of America, France and other capitalist nations. The Beligian Congo government under Lumumba was supported by such SE socialist nations as the Soviet Union, Cuba and some African nations, especially Ghana. That secession caused a civil war in Beligian Congo; many innocent citizens were killed. Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba was U also assassinated by the capitalists’ puppets. His democratically elected government was overthrown. Belgium, the United States of America and other capitalist powers supported Mobutu Sese Seko’s ascendancy to E power. Mobutu was a puppet of these capitalist powers and was expected to continue serving their interests. N The second example happened in Angola. After Angola’s independence LI of 1975, Movimento Popular de Libertaҫão de Angola (MPLA) ruled the country. It was a patriotic government which defended Angolans’ interests. N Unfortunately, the European capitalist powers and the United States were O not happy with MPLA because it did not protect their economic interests. They wanted a party called União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (UNITA) to form the government of Angola because it supported their R interests. They helped UNITA to wage a civil war in order to overthrow the patriotic MPLA government. MPLA was supported by socialist nations like FO Cuba. The third example happened in Mozambique, where the Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO) became a ruling party after the independence of 114 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 114 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO 1975. The capitalist nations NOT were DUPLICATE not happy. They used the apartheid regime of South Africa to destabilise Mozambique. They also helped a rebel group called Resistência Nacional Moçambicana (RENAMO) to fight FRELIMO in a long civil war. President Samora Machel was killed in a plane clash in the midst of this war. The capitalists wanted RENAMO to rule Mozambique because it could defend their economic and cultural interests. (b) Economic methods The second method was economic intervention. The former colonial nations used the following economic methods: LY (i) Economic aid N Capitalist nations and institutions give this kind of aid to African nations. Such nations and institutions pretend that they are supporting social and O economic development. The nations and institutions that provide economic aid are called donors. Sometimes they use international financial institutions SE such as the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to finance projects and programmes in African countries. Economic aid is usually provided in the form of loans, grants and experts. Experts normally U advise governments on how to implement projects and programmes. The former colonial powers and other capitalist nations use economic aid to impose conditionalities, which must be followed by aid recipients. These conditions are actually for allowing capitalist nations to do what they want in E Africa. African leaders who reject such conditionalities are denied aid and, N sometimes, get overthrown from power. This is a very ‘important’ method which they use to build neo-colonialism on the continent. LI (ii) Economic liberalisation N This method became popular in the 1980s. Capitalist nations and financial O institutions pressurised African nations to open up their markets for foreign goods and services. This allowed foreigners to take resources out of African countries. In order to implement liberalism, donor countries such as the R United States and financial institutions such as the IMF and the WB adopted FO conditionalities that forced African governments to implement policies of privatisation, demanding citizens to pay for social services, reduction of government spending, promotion of foreign investments and abolition of 115 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 115 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY government subsidies. DO The NOT DUPLICATE implementation of such policies gave capitalist nations access to African natural resources. (iii) International trade This is the third method used to establish neo-colonialism in Africa. Capitalist nations promote trade with African nations. Unfortunately, the trade is based on inequality and exploitation. Africans export raw materials to Europe and America; they sell them at cheap prices. Europeans and Americans export to Africa cheap industrial commodities which they sell at higher prices. LY Inequality and exploitation result from the fact that the prices of industrial products are higher than those of the raw materials from Africa. This makes Europe and America benefit more than African countries do. N (c) Cultural methods O The third method used to establish neo-colonialism is cultural intervention. The former colonial nations have played a key role in undermining African SE culture and promoting European and American culture. This was facilitated by the imposition of foreign religions, for example Islam and Christianity, colonial education and foreign languages such as English, Portuguese and U French on Africans. These aspects of foreign culture undermine African culture. In addition, technological and cultural agents such as the contents of the Internet, television, the entertainment industry and social media are being used to promote foreign culture in Africa, especially European culture, E American culture and Asian culture. With globalisation, cultural exchanges N have expanded and led to much use of the English language, music and clothing that are not consistent with African values. LI Methods used by African countries to fight neo-colonialism N African countries are using various methods to fight neo-colonialism. They O include those presented below. (a) Creation of African Unity R Promoting unity among African countries has been an important strategy FO for a long time. From the 1960s onwards, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) organised African countries to function as a single political group with one voice against the imposition of neo-colonialism in African countries. Later on, the OAU was transformed into a new organisation known as the African Union (AU). 116 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 116 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY (b) DO NOT Establishment of regional DUPLICATE integrations This is the cooperation of groups of African countries. It promotes economic, social and political cooperation among countries so as to reduce reliance on foreign aid. Examples of these regional economic groupings are the East African Community (EAC), the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS). These groups promote economic and political independence, enhance regional peace and security, and ensure free movement of people, goods and services in the respective regions. Africans are using these economic LY groupings to deal with the challenges of neo-colonialism. (c) Establishment of African Development Bank (AfDB) N African countries established the African Development Bank in order to promote economic independence and to minimise dependence on foreign O capital. AfDB has grown to become the backbone of African economies. It provides financial assistance to African countries for building infrastructure SE and providing social services to their people. This bank provides financial support for building roads, railways, ports and industries, among others. It also provides financial support for strengthening government institutions. The bank is doing an excellent job of reducing Africa’s reliance on foreign aid. U In so doing, it also reduces the influence of neo-colonialism on the continent. (d) Adoption of national and international policies that challenge E neo-colonialism N Since independence, African countries and those in Asia and South America have made decisions and formulated programmes that resisted LI and challenged neo-colonialism. In 1959, for instance, developing countries held a conference in Bandung, Indonesia, which was popularly known as N the Bandung Conference. At this conference, they decided that they would O openly challenge neo-colonialism. They also formed the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) in order to remain neutral during the cold war politics. They chose not to side with either of the two camps. R Each country also formulated and implemented its own policies that FO challenged neo-colonialism. Tanzania, for instance, formulated the policy of Socialism and Self-Reliance which was described in the Arusha Declaration of 1967. This declaration was a policy guideline aimed at making Tanzania 117 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 117 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY a free and self-reliantDO NOTThe nation. DUPLICATE declaration stated that dependence on foreign economic aid would not lead to development of the nation. It promoted humanistic values and the fight against exploitation. It also guided the nation in building socialism as a factor for national development. Other African nations such as Ghana, Zambia, Mozambique, Senegal and Egypt also promoted African socialism in their countries in order to inculcate a sense of humanity, independence, confidence and dignity into their people. (e) Strengthening economies African countries made the effort to strengthen their economies in order to LY reduce reliance on foreign aid. Therefore, they invested in agriculture, mining as well as social and political infrastructure facilities to promote economic development in their countries. They also fought corruption so that national N economies and social services could benefit everyone. O Exercise 2 Answer the following questions: 1. Define the term neo-colonialism. SE U 2. Mention three methods used by capitalist countries to promote neo- colonialism in Africa. 3. List five methods that African nations use to fight neo-colonialism. E N Exercise 3 LI Answer the following questions: N Select the letter of the correct answer and write it in the brackets provided. O 1. Most African countries got their independence in: (a) The 1950s R (b) The 1970s ( ) FO (c) The 1960s (d) The 1980s 118 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 118 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY DO ANOT Match the items in Column with DUPLICATE those in Column B by writing the letter of the right answer in the space provided. No Column A Column B 2 Sierra Leone and Tanganyika (a) Julius Nyerere, Kwame gained independence in Nkrumah, Patrice Lumumba ___________ and Jomo Kenyatta 3 Tanzania is an excellent (b) Neo-colonialism example in ___________ (c) 1964 LY 4 Heroes who opposed (d) Fighting corruption and the invasion of Africa embezzlement N ___________ (e) Leading the fight against O neo-colonialism (f) 1961 Answer the following questions: SE 5. List five factors for the rise of neo-colonialism in Africa. U 6. Describe the work done by the African Development Bank (AfDB) in Africa. E 7. Identify three ways in which African countries fight new colonialism. N Write True for a true statement and False for a false statement. LI 8. African heroes were or are ready to die for their nations. ________ 9. Neo-colonialism is a new form of colonialism. ________ N 10. A free market is an economic system in which prices of goods and O services are determined by governments. _________ 11. When invaders come to Africa they teach Africans to produce varieties R of products. _________ FO 12. The colonialists came to Africa for the purpose of developing their countries. ________ 119 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 119 30/07/2021 11:49  FOR ONLINE USE ONLY Vocabulary DO NOT DUPLICATE Corruption  dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery Embezzlement theft or misappropriation of funds placed in one’s trust or belonging to one’s employer Exploitation  the action of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from his or her work LY Free market an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately-owned businesses N Investment the action or process of investing money for profit O Raw materials the basic material from which a product is made SE U E N LI N O R FO 120 SOCIAL STUDIES STD 5.indd 120 30/07/2021 11:49