8.1 Intro to Biotech PDF

8.1 Manipulating and Cloning DNA  Biotechnology Biotechnology is the use of living organisms, or substances from living organisms, to develop an agricultural, medicinal, or environmental product or process  Tools in Biotechnology Restriction endonucleases: enzymes that cut DNA...

8.1 Manipulating and Cloning DNA  Biotechnology Biotechnology is the use of living organisms, or substances from living organisms, to develop an agricultural, medicinal, or environmental product or process  Tools in Biotechnology Restriction endonucleases: enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences. Insertion of a new sequence doesn’t typically occur (which is what happens in CRISPR) Methylases: enzymes that protect DNA from cleavage/damage DNA ligases: enzymes that connect fragments of DNA together Gel electrophoresis: separates DNA molecules by size -can be used for DNA analysis, DNA fingerprinting, paternity cases Plasmids: circular DNA in bacteria Scientists study antibacterial resistance using plasmids. Also, can study the expression of particular genes Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): amplification of DNA sequences. Used to make multiple copies of DNA so that it can undergo many tests/research scenarios DNA sequencing: used in Human Genome Project, Barcode of Life project at U of Guelph Barcode of Life applications: -identifying new species -identifying taxonomic relationships between species -identifying unknown species -legal and regulatory issues: mislabeling food items (dietary, religious/moral considerations), border control Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP): used to compare differences in DNA fragments between individuals. Used to analyze DNA when looking for a disease marker Applications of Biotechnology  Red Biotechnology Medical applications Production of antibiotics, vaccines, pharmaceuticals Genetic screening (calculating likelihood of disorder/condition), genetic testing (actual testing of fetus), gene therapy (ex. CRISPR) Cloning  Green Biotechnology Applied to agricultural processes Transgenic plants (plants with genes from other organisms). Ex. transgenic varieties of soybean, canola, cotton, and corn have genes for herbicide tolerance or insect resistance Increased crop yields, nutritional content, pest resistance, resistance to environmental stresses  White Biotechnology Related to industrial processes Bioremediation (using microorganisms to clean contaminated soil or water) Using enzymes as industrial catalysts to produce valuable chemicals, or to destroy hazardous ones  Blue Biotechnology Applied to marine and aquatic processes Increasing seafood supply and safety Controlling the spread of noxious water-borne organisms Developing new drugs https://www.tiktok.com/@sghmayma/video/72760762 05663735045 https://www.tiktok.com/@sghmayma/video/72768084 62686899461 https://www.tiktok.com/@sghmayma/video/72798310 28066192646