Motivation and Emotion PDF

Motivation and Emotion Chapter 9 01 Understanding Motivation  Motivation Motivation The process by which activities are started are directed and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met Extrinsic motivation - a person performs an action because...

Motivation and Emotion Chapter 9 01 Understanding Motivation  Motivation Motivation The process by which activities are started are directed and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met Extrinsic motivation - a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person Intrinsic motivation - a person performs an action because the act is fun, challenging, or satisfying in an internal manner  Instinct Approaches to Motivation Instincts The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals Instinct approach An approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals  Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation Need A requirement of some material(such as food or water) that is essential for the survival of the organism Drive A psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension Drive-reduction theory Assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal  Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation Primary drives Involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst Acquired (secondary) drives Learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval Homeostasis The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state  McClelland’s Theory Three Types of Needs Need for achievement (nAch) Involves as trong desire to succeed in attaining goals—not only realistic ones but also challenging ones Need for affiliation (nAff) The need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others Need for power (nPow) The need to have control or influence over others  Arousal Approach to Motivation Stimulus motive A motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity Arousal theory Theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal(best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation  Arousal Approach to Motivation Yerkes-Dodson law Law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than levels of arousal that are too low or too high This effect varies with the difficulty of the task easy tasks require a high-moderate level more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level  Arousal Approach to Motivation Sensation seeker One who needs more arousal than the average person  Incentive Approaches to Motivation Incentives Things that attract or lure people into action Incentive approaches Theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization The point at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential seldom reached Peak experiences Times in a person’s life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved  Hunger: Bodily Causes Insulin and glucagon Hormones secreted by the pancreas to control levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the bloodstream Insulin reduces the level of glucose in the bloodstream Glucagon increases the level of glucose in the bloodstream  Hunger: Bodily Causes Hypothalamus plays role in hunger responds to levels of glucose and insulin in the body Leptin - hormone that signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full  Hunger: Bodily Causes Weight set point The particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain Basal metabolic rate (BMR) The rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting  Hunger: Bodily Causes Social cues for when meals are to be eaten Cultural customs Food preferences Use of food as a comfort device or escape from unpleasantness Some people may respond to the anticipation of eating by producing an insulin response  Obesity Obesity The body weight of a person is 20 percent or more over the ideal body weight for that person's height (actual percents vary across definitions) Biological causes include heredity, hormones, and slowing metabolism with age Overeating is a major factor as food supplies stabilize in developing countries and Western-culture lifestyles are adopted  Elements of Emotion Emotion The “feeling” aspect of consciousness characterized by: Certain physical arousal Certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world Inner awareness of feelings  Elements of Emotion Which parts of the brain are involved in various aspects of emotion? The amygdala The amygdala is a complex structure with many different nuclei and subdivisions, whose roles have been investigated primarily through studies of fear conditioning Emotional stimuli travel to the amygdala by both a fast, crude “low road” (subcortical) and a slower but more involved cortical “high road”  Elements of Emotion Which parts of the brain are involved in various aspects of emotion? Other subcortical and cortical areas Hemisphere Frontal lobes Anterior cingulate cortex Lateral orbitofrontal cortex;  Elements of Emotion Facial expressions can vary across different cultures Seem to be universal Display rules Labeling Emotion Interpreting the subjective feeling by giving it a label  Common-Sense Theory of Emotion Common-sense theory of emotion A stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal  James-Lange theory of emotion James-Lange theory of emotion A physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion  Cannon-bard Theory Of Emotion Cannon-Bard theory of emotion The physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time  Cognitive Arousal Theory Cognitive arousal theory Both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced  Facial Feedback Hypothesis Facial feedback hypothesis Facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion  Cognitive-Mediational Theory Cognitive-mediational theory A stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction