Lab 1 - Human Anatomy PDF

# LAB 1 ## Anatomy ### Terms - **Gross anatomy:** Structures that can be examined without a microscope. - **Regional anatomy:** Structures within regions or divisions of the body that emphasize the relationship between various structures. - **Systemic anatomy:** Structures associated with specific...

# LAB 1 ## Anatomy ### Terms - **Gross anatomy:** Structures that can be examined without a microscope. - **Regional anatomy:** Structures within regions or divisions of the body that emphasize the relationship between various structures. - **Systemic anatomy:** Structures associated with specific systems of the body. - **Histology:** Microscopic structures of the basic tissue types. - **Anatomical position:** Common reference point from where all regions are described. ### Directional Terms - **Superior:** Toward the head or the upper part of a structure. Structures are in the trunk. - **Inferior:** Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure. Structures are in the trunk. - **Anterior:** Nearer to or at the front or belly surface of the body. - **Posterior:** Nearer to or at the back surface of the body. - **Medial:** Nearer the midline of the body or a structure. - **Lateral:** Farther from the midline of the body or a structure. - **Intermediate:** Between two structures. - **Ipsilateral:** On the same side of the body. - **Contralateral:** On the opposite side of the body. - **Proximal:** Nearer the site of attachment/center of the body. - **Distal:** Farther from the site of attachment/center of the body. - **Superficial:** Toward or on the surface of the body or a structure. - **Deep:** Away from the surface of the body or a structure. ### Planes - **Midsagittal (medial) plane:** Vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body. Divides the body into right and left. - **Parasagittal plane:** Vertical plane that doesn't pass through the midline of the body. Divides the body into unequal right and left. - **Frontal (coronal) plane:** Dividing the body into anterior and posterior. - **Transverse (horizontal) plane:** Parallel to the ground and divides the body into superior and inferior. ## Body Cavities - **Posterior body cavity:** - Cranial cavity - Vertebral (Spinal) cavity - **Anterior body cavity:** - Thoracic: - Mediastinum - Pericardial - Right/Left Pleural - Abdominopelvic - Abdominal - Pelvic ## Structural Organization - **Molecules** → **Cells** → **Tissues** → **Organs** → **System** → **Organism** - **Tissues:** Aggregations of similar cells and their associated materials. - **Organ:** Structure that requires more than one tissue to perform a specific and complex task. - **System:** Group of organs that work together. ## Human Body Regions - **Cranial:** (Skull) - Frontal - Facial - Eye orbital - Mouth oral - Chin mental - **Acromial:** - **Thoracic:** (Chest) - Brachial (Arm) - Antecubital (Front of elbow) - Antebrachial (Forearm) - Carpal (Wrist) - Metacarpal (Palm) - Pollex (Thumb) - Digital (Fingers) - **Cervical:** (Anterior portion of neck) - ** mammary:** (Breast) - **Axillary:** (Armpit) - **Umbilical:** (Navel) - **Coxal:** (Hip) - **Inguinal:** (Groin) - **Femoral:** (Thigh) - **Patellar:** (Front of knee) - **Crural:** (Leg) - **Pedal:** (Foot) - Tarsal (Ankle) - Digital (Toes) - Hallux (Great toe) - **Dorsal:** (Back) - Olecranal (Back of elbow) - Gluteal (Buttock) - **Cervical:** (Nape) - **Lumbar:** (Loin) - **Popliteal:** (Hollow behind knee) - **Sural:** (Calf) - **Calcaneal:** (Heel) - **Plantar:** (Sole) ## Tissues - **Skeletal muscle:** - Striated appearance. - Voluntary control. - Multiple nuclei per fiber attached to skeleton. - Allows the body to move. - **Cardiac muscle:** - Striated appearance. - Involuntary control. - Branched muscle fibers and 1 nucleus per cell. - In the heart. - Contracting of the heart. - **Smooth muscle:** - Smooth appearance. - Involuntary control. - Uninucleate. - In blood vessels, esophagus, stomach and iris of eye. - Changes the shape of the organ to aid its function. ### Epithelial Tissue | Type of Epithelium | Drawing | Function | Location | |---|---|---|---| | Simple Squamous | | Diffusion | Alveoli of the lung, lining of lumen of blood, lining major Body cavities. | | Simple cuboidal | | Secretes and absorbs| Kidney tubules | | Simple Columnar | | Absorbs | Small intestine | | Pseudostratified Columnar | | Secretes mucus | Respiratory pathway| | Stratified Squamous | | Protects against abrasion | Epidermis of skin, organs subjected to abrasion like mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina | ## Connective Tissues - **Hylaine Cartilage:** - Location: End of long bones, the tip of nose, trachea, etc. - Function: Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction. - **Loose connective tissue:** - Location: Under skin, around internal organs, adventitia. - Function: Binding, attaching organs to structures; "packing material" of the body. - **Dense regular collagenous connective tissue:** - Location: Tendons and ligaments. - Function: Stabilize, support, strength. - **Adipose tissue:** - Location: Beneath the dermis, throughout the body. - Function: Thermal insulator, protection, fuel reserve. - **Dense regular elastic connective tissue:** - Location: Large blood vessels (aorta). - Function: Expand for blood to enter the aorta. ## Nervous Tissue - **Giant multipolar neuron:** - Location: Brain, spinal cord, nerves. - Function: Coordinating and controlling many body activities