Anatomy Study Guide PDF

Anatomy Study Guide Full Name Stephanie Collins Anatomy- is the study of structure of an organism and relationships of its parts. Physiology- Study of functions of living Anterior (ventral) and posterior organisms and their parts. (dorsal) Patholo...

Anatomy Study Guide Full Name Stephanie Collins Anatomy- is the study of structure of an organism and relationships of its parts. Physiology- Study of functions of living Anterior (ventral) and posterior organisms and their parts. (dorsal) Pathology-scientific The study of disease Anterior - Front, in front of (same as ventral in humans) Anatomical position Posterior- Back, in back of (same - Body is standing erect with the feet as dorsal in humans) slightly apart and arms at the sides with palms turned forward. Proximal and distal (Limbs) The supine position- -the body lying face up. Proximal: Nearest to the trunk or The prone position -the body lying face down point of origin. Define these terminologies: Distal: Away from the trunk or point of origin. Superior and inferior Superior: Toward the head, upper, above Inferior: Toward the feet, lower, below Deep and superficial Superficial: Nearer the body surface Deep: Farther away from the body surface Anatomy Study Guide Full Name Stephanie Collins Define these body sections(planes): Frontal(coronal) section Transverse section Lengthwise plane that divides a horizontal plane that divides a structure into anterior and structure into upper and lower posterior sections sections Midsagittal plane that divides the body into two equal halves. Sagittal plane: Lengthwise plane that divides a structure into right and left sections Anatomy Study Guide Full Name Stephanie Collins Thoracic Cavity- space in your chest that Anatomy Terms -MUST KNOW contains organs, blood vessels, nerves and other important body structures. Cervical – Neck Two subdivisions: Carpal- Wrist 1- Mediastinum: Midportion of thoracic Femoral- Thigh cavity; heart and trachea located in mediastinum Umbilical-Navel 2- Pleural cavities: Right lung located in right Brachial- Arm pleural cavity. left lung in left pleural cavity. Antebrachial – Forearm The muscular sheet called the Inguinal – Groin diaphragm divides the thoracic cavity and abdominal Cephalic- Head cavities. Tarsal- Ankle Axillary- Armpit Name the three regions of the upper abdomen. Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Anatomy Study Guide Full Name Stephanie Collins Cell organelles and their functions Ribosomes - Manufacture proteins & enzymes Rough endoplasmic reticulum - transport those proteins Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Repair (make) new plasma membrane. Golgi apparatus - Processes and packages materials Define homeostasis. Lysosomes - Garbage bags; contains digestive system -Maintaining a relative constancy of the internal environment. Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell. Makes energy (ATP) - Adenosine Negative feedback loops reverse/oppose the triphosphate is currency for agency primary change. Positive loops enhance the primary change. Ex: birth of a baby, blood clot. Feedback loops involves: - a sensor - a control center - an effector Organs function to maintain homeostasis - epithelial tissue - connective tissue - nervous tissue - muscular tissue Anatomy Study Guide Full Name Stephanie Collins Diffusion: Substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space 12-List two organs of the mediastinum, Osmosis: Diffusion of water. two organs of the abdominopelvic cavity, and two organs of the pelvic cavity. Filtration: Movement of water and solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side Two organs of the mediastinum of membrane. - heart - trachea Two organs of the abdominopelvic cavity Four stages of Osmosis: - Stomach - Intestines Two organs of the pelvic cavity - Uterus - Ovaries Changes in Cell Growth: Atrophy: Decrease in size of individual number of cells Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size Prophase: Changes in Reproduction In cells: First Stage- Chromatin granules become condensed and organized Hyperplasia: Refers to the increase in the number of cells Metaphase Anaplasia: Cells fail to mature normally and do not differentiate as they Second Stage- Chromosomes align should. across center of cell. Cell life cycle: Anaphase Interphase- is the nonproliferative time Third Stage- Separated chromatids (the longest) (sister chromatids) are pulled to Prophase - chromatin condensed and opposite ends of cell organized Metaphase - chromosomes align at the center of the cell Telophase Anaphase - sister chromatids move into opposite sites Fourth Stage- Cell division is Telophase - two nuclear envelopes are completed Nuclear envelope and present nucleoli appear Cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm