Vegetable Science Notes - Lecture 11 - Legumes - PDF

Vegetable science notes by Pratibha Sharma (Agriculture Adda247) LECTURE-11 LEGUMES-1 ▪ PEA ▪ Pisum sativum ▪ Family: Leguminosae/Fabaceae ▪ Ancestor: Mediterranean pea- Pisum elatius ▪ Chromosome No.= 2n = 14 ▪ Shelling percentage- 30-56% (35-45%...

Vegetable science notes by Pratibha Sharma (Agriculture Adda247) LECTURE-11 LEGUMES-1 ▪ PEA ▪ Pisum sativum ▪ Family: Leguminosae/Fabaceae ▪ Ancestor: Mediterranean pea- Pisum elatius ▪ Chromosome No.= 2n = 14 ▪ Shelling percentage- 30-56% (35-45% mostly) ▪ Species: ▪ Field pea: Pisum sativum var arvense ▪ Garden pea: Pisum sativum var hortense ▪ Edible podded pea: Pisum sativum var macrocarpum ▪ Dwarf pea: Pisum humile ▪ Red yellow pea: Pisum sativum var fulvum ▪ Abyssinicum pea: Pisum abyssinicum ▪ Edible podded peas: o Snap Pea- Pisum sativum var macrocarpon o Lack of parchment layer, thick pod walls o Snow Pea- Pisum sativum var saccharatum o Lack of parchment layer, thin pod walls ▪ Pea Breeding: ▪ Lack of parchment layer in pod wall is controlled by single recessive gene: sin-1 ▪ Edible podded peas originated from spontaneous mutation. ▪ Father of pea breeding: S Blixt ▪ Pea germplasm is maintained at Sweden. ▪ Pea is self-pollinated due to cleistogamy.  Vegetable science notes by Pratibha Sharma (Agriculture Adda247) ▪ Plants with genetic constitution af af and st st are called ‘Leafless’ pea known as afila. ▪ Climate and season: ▪ In India, pea is grown mainly as a winter vegetable in the plains of North India and as a summer vegetable in Hills. ▪ Pea is a herbaceous winter annual. ▪ Pea seed can be germinated up to the minimum temperature of 5˚C. ▪ The optimum temperature for pea seed germination is about 22˚C. ▪ Compounds ▪ Rich source of digestible proteins (7%) along with carbohydrates and proteins and minerals like Ca and P. ▪ Green pea 7.2 g protein and dry pea 19.7 g/100g. ▪ Pea protein 25% amino acid and sugar 12%. ▪ The anti-nutrient factor in pea is cyanide containing compounds. ▪ Cultivation ▪ Direct seeded sowing is done. ▪ Seed rate: o Early variety- 100-120 kg/ha o Mid and late variety- 80-90 kg/ha o Viability: 2-3 years ✓ Varieties: ▪ Varieties differ for maturity: o Early maturity: 40-45 days o Mid-season: 60-65 days o Late maturity: 90 days ▪ Pod and seed color (light and dark green) ▪ Plant height (tall/indeterminate) and short/determinate) ▪ Seed surface {wrinkled (sweet) or smooth (starchy)}.  Vegetable science notes by Pratibha Sharma (Agriculture Adda247) ▪ Early group: Ageta, Alaska, Arkel, AP-3, Asauiji, Early Badger, Early superb, Early Giant, Harbhajan, Little Marvel, Meteor, VL-7, Kashi Kanak, Kashi Nandini, Kashi Udai, Jawahar Matar-3,4. ▪ Main group: Bonneville, Alderman, Sylvia, Arka Ajit, Arka Karthik, Arka Priya, Arka Pramodh, Arka Sampoorna, Lincoln, Kashi Shakti, Kashi Samridhi, Punjab 88, Jawahar matar-1 & 2. ▪ Asauji and Meteor- Smooth seeded variety ▪ Arkel, Early Badger and Bonneville- Wrinkled seeded ▪ Alaska- First early canning variety ▪ Harbhajan- Extra early variety ▪ N.P 29- Dehydration purpose ▪ Arka Sampoorna, Arka Apoorva, Swarna tripti: Whole pod edible varieties ▪ Arkel : Both fresh and dehydrated ▪ Maturity and harvesting ▪ Tendrometer is used to measure pod maturity. ▪ If harvest is delayed, surface become coarse due to conversion of sugar into starch, the quality deteriorates. ▪ Storage at 0˚C and 90-95% RH. ▪ Plant Protection ▪ Pea aphids ▪ Bacterial wilt ▪ Fusarium wilt- most devastating ▪ Powdery mildew (er-1,er-2) of pea are governed by single recessive gene. ▪ Application of choloromequat induce the drought tolerance in pea. ▪ Marsh spots: Mn deficiency  Vegetable science notes by Pratibha Sharma (Agriculture Adda247) ▪ Resistant varieties: ▪ Late varieties are susceptible to PM and early varieties are susceptible to fusarium mildew. ▪ Powdery mildew resistant: JP 83, JP 19, Kashi Mukti, Palam Priya, Pusa Pragati. ▪ Fusarium wilt resistant: Alaska, Surprise. ▪ Pea aphid resistant: Feltham First and Meteor ▪ Seed production: ▪ Isolation distance: o Foundation seeds: 10m o Certified seeds: 5m o Seed yield: 1,500- 2000 Kg/ha ▪ Exclusively self-pollinated crop.  Vegetable science notes by Pratibha Sharma (Agriculture Adda247) ▪ Favored by cleistogamy. ▪ Stigma is receptive several days prior to anthesis i.e. protogynous in nature. ▪ Pollen remains viable from the time of dehiscence of anthers until several days thereafter. ▪ Bud pollination is effective. ▪ Breeding objectives: Early maturity, Dark green pods, Bold seed size, Shelling percentage, Pod yield, Suitability for processing, Resistance to pests and diseases ▪ Introduced varieties: Bonneville, Alderman, Early Badger, Lincoln (USA) Arkel (UK), Alaska, Little Marvel, Early Superb (England) Yates Early Crop (Australia) Sylvia (Sweden) ▪ Selection: P-88 (Pureline selection), Hissar Harit = Selection from cross between Bonneville x P 23, Kashi Mukti = Pedigree selection from the cross No.7 x PM-5, Kashi Nandini = Pedigree selection from the cross P 1542 x VT-2-1. ▪ Heterosis breeding: ▪ Jawahar Matar-1,2,3,4 ▪ Jawahar Matar-1 = T19 x Greater Progress ▪ Jawahar Matar-2 = Russian 2 x Greater Progress ▪ Jawahar Matar-3 = T19 x Early badger ▪ Jawahar Matar-4 = T19 x Little Marvel ▪ Pant Matar-2 = Early Badger x IP3 ▪ Mutation breeding: The induced mutations developed are the early flowering 46 C and JP 829 (Flowering from 4th to 6th node). Fascinated mutants: R701, R710, JP 625, JP 67 and 251 A.  Vegetable science notes by Pratibha Sharma (Agriculture Adda247) ▪ Inheritance of qualitative characters: Cry, la, le Influences internode length and plant height. a Absence of anthocyanin Ch-ll Plant light yellowish green fn No. of flowers in inflorescence n Pod wall thickness ram Increase no. of branches it Increases pod with 25% Bt Blunt apex of the pod ▪ BROAD-BEAN: ▪ B.N.: Vicia faba ▪ Family: Leguminosae/Fabaceae ▪ Chromosome No.= 2n = 12 ▪ Faba bean or Winter bean or Horse bean or Bakla bean or Frost-resistant bean or Field bean or Tick bean or Windsor bean. ▪ Only bean sown in autumn and grown as winter crop in high elevations. ▪ Minor crop and planted as cover crop in orchards. ▪ 'Dancing style' of stigma is reported. ▪ Optimum temperature: ▪ Optimum temperature for growth: 15-18°C & tolerate to low temperature (4°C) but not higher than 24°C. ▪ Tolerates drought and much cooler conditions. ▪ Highly susceptible to acidic soils. ▪ Nutrition: ▪ Fresh seeds: Proteins (7.1 g) ▪ Dried seeds: Proteins (26.2 g) ▪ Good source of L-Dopa (Dopamine).  Vegetable science notes by Pratibha Sharma (Agriculture Adda247) ▪ Protein content is maximum in black seeded varieties (25-30%) followed by yellow (23-27%), brown (23-28%). ▪ Favism: ▪ Anti-nutritional factor: Haemolytic anaemic factor causing 'favism’. ▪ Favism: An illness in people caused by inhaling pollen or eating extremely small quantities of green pods. ▪ Cultivation ▪ Seed rate-70-100 kg/ha. ▪ Sown in autumn and grown as winter crop in higher elevations in tropical regions. ▪ Removal of side shoots and pinching of growing points encourages greater uniformity in pod setting and early swelling of pods. ▪ Harvesting ▪ Harvested as an immature shelled product or as a seed crop. ▪ Days taken for maturity: 120 (as winter crop) 65-75 (summer crop). ▪ Varieties ▪ Introduction: Masterpiece White Long Pod, Masterpiece Green Long Pod, Imperial White Windsor and Imperial Green Windsor. ▪ Selection: Jawahar Selection 73-31 is an improved selection from Madhya Pradesh. A few selections made at Bihar are BR-1 (black seeded) and BR-2 (yellow seeded). ▪ IARI Varieties: Pusa Sumeet, Pusa Udit.