Untitled Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the common ancestor of the pea plant?

Pisum elatius (correct)

Pisum humile

Pisum abyssinicum

Pisum sativum

What is the chromosome number of pea plants?

2n = 14 (correct)

2n = 12

2n = 16

2n = 10

Which variety of pea is characterized by having thick pod walls and a lack of parchment layer?

Snow Pea

Field Pea

Snap Pea (correct)

Garden Pea

What external factor affects pea seed germination at its optimal level?

Temperature of 22˚C Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pea is termed as 'leafless' due to its genetic constitution?

Afilia Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of shelling percentage for peas?

30-56% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cultivation method is primarily used for sowing peas?

Direct seeded sowing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary anti-nutrient factor found in peas?

Cyanide-containing compounds Signup and view all the answers

Which variety is known as the first early canning variety?

Alaska Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of delayed harvesting on pea pods?

Surface becomes coarse Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended isolation distance for certified seeds?

5m Signup and view all the answers

Which powdery mildew resistant varieties are mentioned?

JP 83 and Kashi Mukti Signup and view all the answers

Which gene governs the powdery mildew resistance in peas?

Single recessive gene Signup and view all the answers

Which variety is classified as both fresh and dehydrated?

Arkel Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is considered the most devastating for peas?

Fusarium wilt Signup and view all the answers

What is the storage condition recommended for harvested peas?

0˚C at 90-95% RH Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of heterosis breeding in the context provided?

Improved yield through hybrid vigor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following breeding methods involves inducing mutations for early flowering?

Mutation breeding Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with the 'fn' gene in qualitative inheritance?

Determines the number of flowers in inflorescence Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal temperature range for the growth of broad beans?

15-18°C Signup and view all the answers

What is the protein content of dried broad bean seeds?

26.2 g Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes favism?

A hemolytic anemia triggered by green pod consumption Signup and view all the answers

What is the advised seed rate for planting broad beans per hectare?

70-100 kg/ha Signup and view all the answers

How many days does it take for broad beans to mature as a winter crop?

120 days Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pea

Scientific name: Pisum sativum
Family: Leguminosae/Fabaceae
Ancestor: Mediterranean pea - Pisum elatius
Chromosome number: 2n = 14
Shelling percentage: 30-56% (35-45% mostly)
Species:
- Field pea: Pisum sativum var arvense
- Garden pea: Pisum sativum var hortense
- Edible podded pea: Pisum sativum var macrocarpum
- Dwarf pea: Pisum humile
- Red yellow pea: Pisum sativum var fulvum
- Abyssinicum pea: Pisum abyssinicum
Edible podded peas:
- Snap Pea: Pisum sativum var macrocarpon - lacks a parchment layer, thick pod walls
- Snow Pea: Pisum sativum var saccharatum - lacks a parchment layer, thin pod walls
Pea breeding:
- Lack of a parchment layer in the pod wall is controlled by a single recessive gene: sin-1
- Edible podded peas originated from spontaneous mutation
- S Blixt is known as the "Father of pea breeding"
- Pea germplasm is maintained in Sweden
- Pea is self-pollinated due to cleistogamy
- Plants with the genetic constitution af af and st st are called "Leafless" pea, known as afila
- Pea is considered a herbaceous winter annual
- Minimum seed germination temperature: 5°C
- Optimum seed germination temperature: 22°C
Climate and season:
- Grown primarily as a winter vegetable in the plains of North India and as a summer vegetable in the hills
Nutritional Value:
- Rich source of digestible proteins (7%) along with carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals like calcium and phosphorus
- Green pea: 7.2 g protein per 100g
- Dry pea: 19.7 g protein/100g
- Pea protein: 25% amino acids and 12% sugar
- Anti-nutrient factor in pea is cyanide-containing compounds
Cultivation:
- Direct seeded sowing is practiced
- Seed rate:
  - Early variety: 100-120 kg/ha
  - Mid and late variety: 80-90 kg/ha
- Seed viability: 2-3 years
Varieties:
- Varieties differ in maturity:
  - Early maturity: 40-45 days
  - Mid-season: 60-65 days
  - Late maturity: 90 days
- Pod and seed color (light and dark green)
- Plant height (tall/indeterminate) and short/determinate)
- Seed surface (wrinkled (sweet) or smooth (starchy))
- Early group: Ageta, Alaska, Arkel, AP-3, Asauji, Early Badger, Early Superb, Early Giant, Harbhajan, Little Marvel, Meteor, VL-7, Kashi Kanak, Kashi Nandini, Kashi Udai, Jawahar Matar-3, 4
- Main group: Bonneville, Alderman, Sylvia, Arka Ajit, Arka Karthik, Arka Priya, Arka Pramodh, Arka Sampoorna, Lincoln, Kashi Shakti, Kashi Samridhi, Punjab 88, Jawahar matar-1 & 2
- Asauji and Meteor: Smooth seeded variety
- Arkel, Early Badger, and Bonneville: Wrinkled seeded
- Alaska: First early canning variety
- Harbhajan: Extra early variety
- N.P 29: Dehydration purpose
- Arka Sampoorna, Arka Apoorva, Swarna tripti: Whole pod edible varieties
- Arkel: Both fresh and dehydrated
Maturity and harvesting:
- Tendrometer: Used to measure pod maturity
- Delayed harvest results in a coarser surface due to sugar conversion to starch. Quality deteriorates.
- Storage: 0°C and 90-95% RH
Plant Protection:
- Pea aphids: A major pest
- Bacterial wilt: Another common problem
- Fusarium wilt: The most devastating disease
- Powdery mildew: (er-1, er-2) of pea are governed by a single recessive gene
- Chloromequat application: Induces drought tolerance in pea
- Marsh spots: Indicate manganese deficiency
- Resistant varieties:
  - Late varieties are susceptible to PM, and early varieties are susceptible to fusarium mildew.
  - Powdery mildew resistant varieties: JP 83, JP 19, Kashi Mukti, Palam Priya, Pusa Pragati
  - Fusarium wilt resistant varieties: Alaska, Surprise
  - Pea aphid resistant varieties: Feltham First and Meteor
Seed production:
- Isolation distance:
  - Foundation seeds: 10m
  - Certified seeds: 5m
- Seed yield: 1,500- 2000 kg/ha
- Pea is an exclusively self-pollinated crop favored by cleistogamy
- Stigma is receptive several days prior to anthesis (protogynous)
- Pollen remains viable from dehiscence until several days thereafter
- Bud pollination is effective
Breeding objectives:
- Early maturity
- Dark green pods
- Bold seed size
- Shelling percentage
- Pod yield
- Suitability for processing
- Resistance to pests and diseases
Introduced varieties: Bonneville, Alderman, Early Badger, Lincoln (USA), Arkel (UK), Alaska, Little Marvel, Early Superb (England), Yates Early Crop (Australia), Sylvia (Sweden)
Selection:
- P-88 (Pureline selection)
- Hissar Harit (Selection from the cross between Bonneville x P 23)
- Kashi Mukti (Pedigree selection from the cross No. 7 x PM-5)
- Kashi Nandini (Pedigree selection from the cross P 1542 x VT-2-1)
Heterosis breeding:
- Jawahar Matar-1, 2, 3, 4
  - Jawahar Matar-1 = T19 x Greater Progress
  - Jawahar Matar-2 = Russian 2 x Greater Progress
  - Jawahar Matar-3 = T19 x Early badger
  - Jawahar Matar-4 = T19 x Little Marvel
- Pant Matar-2 = Early Badger x IP3
Mutation breeding:
- Induced mutations developed include early flowering 46 C and JP 829 (flowering from the 4th to 6th node)
- Fascinated mutants: R701, R710, JP 625, JP 67 and 251 A
Inheritance of qualitative characters:
- Cry, la, le: Influences internode length and plant height
- a: Absence of anthocyanin
- Ch-ll: Plant light yellowish green
- fn: Number of flowers in inflorescence
- n: Pod wall thickness
- ram: Increased number of branches
- it: Increased pod with 25%
- Bt: Blunt apex of the pod

Broad Bean

Scientific name: Vicia faba
Family: Leguminosae/Fabaceae
Chromosome number: 2n = 12
Other names: Faba bean, Winter bean, Horse bean, Bakla bean, Frost-resistant bean, Field bean, Tick bean, Windsor bean
Unique characteristic: The only bean sown in autumn and grown as a winter crop in high elevations.
Minor crop: Also planted as a cover crop in orchards
Stigma behavior: Described as a "dancing style"
Optimum temperature: 15-18°C for growth, tolerates low temperatures (4°C) but not higher than 24°C.
Climate tolerance: Tolerates drought and cooler conditions
Soil preference: Highly susceptible to acidic soils
Nutritional value:
- Fresh seeds: 7.1g protein
- Dried seeds: 26.2g protein
- Good source of L-Dopa (Dopamine)
- Protein content is highest in black seeded varieties (25-30%), followed by yellow (23-27%) and brown (23-28%)
Anti-nutritional factor: Haemolytic anaemic factor causing favism.
Favism: An illness caused by inhaling pollen or ingesting small amounts of green pods.
Cultivation:
- Seed rate: 70-100 kg/ha
- Sown in autumn in higher elevations of tropical regions
- Removal of side shoots and pinching of growing points promotes uniformity in pod setting and early swelling of pods.
Harvesting:
- Harvested as an immature shelled product or as a seed crop
- Maturity time: 120 days as a winter crop, 65-75 days as a summer crop.