Untitled Quiz

Pea

Scientific name: Pisum sativum
Family: Leguminosae/Fabaceae
Ancestor: Mediterranean pea - Pisum elatius
Chromosome number: 2n = 14
Shelling percentage: 30-56% (35-45% mostly)
Species:
- Field pea: Pisum sativum var arvense
- Garden pea: Pisum sativum var hortense
- Edible podded pea: Pisum sativum var macrocarpum
- Dwarf pea: Pisum humile
- Red yellow pea: Pisum sativum var fulvum
- Abyssinicum pea: Pisum abyssinicum
Edible podded peas:
- Snap Pea: Pisum sativum var macrocarpon - lacks a parchment layer, thick pod walls
- Snow Pea: Pisum sativum var saccharatum - lacks a parchment layer, thin pod walls
Pea breeding:
- Lack of a parchment layer in the pod wall is controlled by a single recessive gene: sin-1
- Edible podded peas originated from spontaneous mutation
- S Blixt is known as the "Father of pea breeding"
- Pea germplasm is maintained in Sweden
- Pea is self-pollinated due to cleistogamy
- Plants with the genetic constitution af af and st st are called "Leafless" pea, known as afila
- Pea is considered a herbaceous winter annual
- Minimum seed germination temperature: 5°C
- Optimum seed germination temperature: 22°C
Climate and season:
- Grown primarily as a winter vegetable in the plains of North India and as a summer vegetable in the hills
Nutritional Value:
- Rich source of digestible proteins (7%) along with carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals like calcium and phosphorus
- Green pea: 7.2 g protein per 100g
- Dry pea: 19.7 g protein/100g
- Pea protein: 25% amino acids and 12% sugar
- Anti-nutrient factor in pea is cyanide-containing compounds
Cultivation:
- Direct seeded sowing is practiced
- Seed rate:
  - Early variety: 100-120 kg/ha
  - Mid and late variety: 80-90 kg/ha
- Seed viability: 2-3 years
Varieties:
- Varieties differ in maturity:
  - Early maturity: 40-45 days
  - Mid-season: 60-65 days
  - Late maturity: 90 days
- Pod and seed color (light and dark green)
- Plant height (tall/indeterminate) and short/determinate)
- Seed surface (wrinkled (sweet) or smooth (starchy))
- Early group: Ageta, Alaska, Arkel, AP-3, Asauji, Early Badger, Early Superb, Early Giant, Harbhajan, Little Marvel, Meteor, VL-7, Kashi Kanak, Kashi Nandini, Kashi Udai, Jawahar Matar-3, 4
- Main group: Bonneville, Alderman, Sylvia, Arka Ajit, Arka Karthik, Arka Priya, Arka Pramodh, Arka Sampoorna, Lincoln, Kashi Shakti, Kashi Samridhi, Punjab 88, Jawahar matar-1 & 2
- Asauji and Meteor: Smooth seeded variety
- Arkel, Early Badger, and Bonneville: Wrinkled seeded
- Alaska: First early canning variety
- Harbhajan: Extra early variety
- N.P 29: Dehydration purpose
- Arka Sampoorna, Arka Apoorva, Swarna tripti: Whole pod edible varieties
- Arkel: Both fresh and dehydrated
Maturity and harvesting:
- Tendrometer: Used to measure pod maturity
- Delayed harvest results in a coarser surface due to sugar conversion to starch. Quality deteriorates.
- Storage: 0°C and 90-95% RH
Plant Protection:
- Pea aphids: A major pest
- Bacterial wilt: Another common problem
- Fusarium wilt: The most devastating disease
- Powdery mildew: (er-1, er-2) of pea are governed by a single recessive gene
- Chloromequat application: Induces drought tolerance in pea
- Marsh spots: Indicate manganese deficiency
- Resistant varieties:
  - Late varieties are susceptible to PM, and early varieties are susceptible to fusarium mildew.
  - Powdery mildew resistant varieties: JP 83, JP 19, Kashi Mukti, Palam Priya, Pusa Pragati
  - Fusarium wilt resistant varieties: Alaska, Surprise
  - Pea aphid resistant varieties: Feltham First and Meteor
Seed production:
- Isolation distance:
  - Foundation seeds: 10m
  - Certified seeds: 5m
- Seed yield: 1,500- 2000 kg/ha
- Pea is an exclusively self-pollinated crop favored by cleistogamy
- Stigma is receptive several days prior to anthesis (protogynous)
- Pollen remains viable from dehiscence until several days thereafter
- Bud pollination is effective
Breeding objectives:
- Early maturity
- Dark green pods
- Bold seed size
- Shelling percentage
- Pod yield
- Suitability for processing
- Resistance to pests and diseases
Introduced varieties: Bonneville, Alderman, Early Badger, Lincoln (USA), Arkel (UK), Alaska, Little Marvel, Early Superb (England), Yates Early Crop (Australia), Sylvia (Sweden)
Selection:
- P-88 (Pureline selection)
- Hissar Harit (Selection from the cross between Bonneville x P 23)
- Kashi Mukti (Pedigree selection from the cross No. 7 x PM-5)
- Kashi Nandini (Pedigree selection from the cross P 1542 x VT-2-1)
Heterosis breeding:
- Jawahar Matar-1, 2, 3, 4
  - Jawahar Matar-1 = T19 x Greater Progress
  - Jawahar Matar-2 = Russian 2 x Greater Progress
  - Jawahar Matar-3 = T19 x Early badger
  - Jawahar Matar-4 = T19 x Little Marvel
- Pant Matar-2 = Early Badger x IP3
Mutation breeding:
- Induced mutations developed include early flowering 46 C and JP 829 (flowering from the 4th to 6th node)
- Fascinated mutants: R701, R710, JP 625, JP 67 and 251 A
Inheritance of qualitative characters:
- Cry, la, le: Influences internode length and plant height
- a: Absence of anthocyanin
- Ch-ll: Plant light yellowish green
- fn: Number of flowers in inflorescence
- n: Pod wall thickness
- ram: Increased number of branches
- it: Increased pod with 25%
- Bt: Blunt apex of the pod

Broad Bean

Scientific name: Vicia faba
Family: Leguminosae/Fabaceae
Chromosome number: 2n = 12
Other names: Faba bean, Winter bean, Horse bean, Bakla bean, Frost-resistant bean, Field bean, Tick bean, Windsor bean
Unique characteristic: The only bean sown in autumn and grown as a winter crop in high elevations.
Minor crop: Also planted as a cover crop in orchards
Stigma behavior: Described as a "dancing style"
Optimum temperature: 15-18°C for growth, tolerates low temperatures (4°C) but not higher than 24°C.
Climate tolerance: Tolerates drought and cooler conditions
Soil preference: Highly susceptible to acidic soils
Nutritional value:
- Fresh seeds: 7.1g protein
- Dried seeds: 26.2g protein
- Good source of L-Dopa (Dopamine)
- Protein content is highest in black seeded varieties (25-30%), followed by yellow (23-27%) and brown (23-28%)
Anti-nutritional factor: Haemolytic anaemic factor causing favism.
Favism: An illness caused by inhaling pollen or ingesting small amounts of green pods.
Cultivation:
- Seed rate: 70-100 kg/ha
- Sown in autumn in higher elevations of tropical regions
- Removal of side shoots and pinching of growing points promotes uniformity in pod setting and early swelling of pods.
Harvesting:
- Harvested as an immature shelled product or as a seed crop
- Maturity time: 120 days as a winter crop, 65-75 days as a summer crop.