Biology Past Paper PDF

Let\'s go through each question: 1\. \*\*True statement\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"In reabsorption, the solutes are reabsorbed across the filtration membrane into the interstitial fluid by transport processes, such as active transport and cotransport.\" 2\. \*\*Heart functions\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\...

Let\'s go through each question: 1\. \*\*True statement\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"In reabsorption, the solutes are reabsorbed across the filtration membrane into the interstitial fluid by transport processes, such as active transport and cotransport.\" 2\. \*\*Heart functions\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"generation of the formed elements of the blood\" (The heart does not generate blood cells; they are produced in the bone marrow). 3\. \*\*Keratinization process\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: True (new cells in the epidermis are produced by mitosis). 4\. \*\*Small intestine extension\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve.\" 5\. \*\*Skeletal system and homeostasis\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"All of these aid in maintaining homeostasis.\" 6\. \*\*Incorrectly paired thyroid location/function\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"thyroglobulin; scattered throughout loose connective tissue between thyroid follicles\" (Thyroglobulin is found within the colloid of thyroid follicles). 7\. \*\*Blood supply to the heart\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"coronary arteries.\" 8\. \*\*Pathway of an egg in the uterine tube\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"2, 3, 1, 4\" (fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus). 9\. \*\*Site of respiration in the lungs\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"Alveoli.\" 10\. \*\*Capillary pathway beginning in viscera and ending in liver\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"hepatic portal system.\" 11\. \*\*Urinary system components\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"Two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra.\" 12\. \*\*Muscle that closes the jaw\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"the masseter and the temporalis.\" 13\. \*\*Lymphatic system and fluid balance\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"returning interstitial fluid to the plasma.\" 14\. \*\*Neuron structures for receiving information\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"dendrites.\" 15\. \*\*Function not major to nervous system\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"receive motor input\" (The nervous system primarily receives sensory input, integrates information, maintains homeostasis, and controls muscles/glands). 16\. \*\*Not a negative feedback mechanism\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"Uterine contractions during delivery\" (This is a positive feedback mechanism). 17\. \*\*Gelatinous mass inside the eye\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"vitreous humor.\" 18\. \*\*Incorrect functional characteristic of heart chambers\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"During ventricular diastole, the semilunar valves open.\" (They remain closed during diastole). 19\. \*\*Anchoring of myosin myofilaments\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"M line.\" 20\. \*\*Dead epithelial cells in epidermis\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: True (they act as a barrier). 21\. \*\*Continuous conduction of the action potential\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"occurs primarily in unmyelinated axons.\" 22\. \*\*Acid-base imbalance risk for Pepper\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"Respiratory Acidosis\" (due to depressed ventilation). 23\. \*\*Steps of breaking down food molecules\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"chemical digestion.\" 24\. \*\*Best description of mechanical digestion\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"It breaks large food particles into smaller ones.\" Here are the answers to each question: 1\. \*\*Primary product of corpus luteum\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Progesterone 2\. \*\*Maximum expiration after deep inspiration\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Vital capacity 3\. \*\*Process of blood cell production\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Hematopoiesis 4\. \*\*Basement membrane functions\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"Function as a filter and barrier to cell or pathogen movement, attach epithelial cells to the underlying tissue and are secreted partially by epithelial cells and partially by the cells of the underlying tissue are true of basement membranes.\" 5\. \*\*Bones tissue type\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Connective tissue 6\. \*\*Red blood cells\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Contain large quantities of hemoglobin 7\. \*\*Blood composition\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Consists of formed elements and cells 8\. \*\*Antigen-antibody interaction\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"The surface of red blood cells is covered with molecules called antigens.\" 9\. \*\*Primary controller of digestion\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system 10\. \*\*Aging effects on the nervous system\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"Neuron plasma membranes become more flexible therefore increasing the ability of the neurons to function\" (This statement is incorrect; neurons become less flexible with age). 11\. \*\*Membrane-bound receptor limitations\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Activate H proteins (they activate G proteins instead) 12\. \*\*Elastic artery example\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: The ascending aorta 13\. \*\*Incorrect statement about hormone action\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: None of these are not true statements (all provided statements are correct) 14\. \*\*Intercellular signals in nervous system\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Neurotransmitters 15\. \*\*Primary function of the small intestine\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Absorption of nutrients 16\. \*\*True statement about antidiuretic hormone (ADH)\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"Can cause blood vessels to constrict when present in the blood in large amounts.\" 17\. \*\*Valve between right atrium and right ventricle\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Tricuspid valve 18\. \*\*True statement about cell membrane\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: All are correct 19\. \*\*Incorrectly paired organelle\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Golgi apparatus - on the cell surface (it\'s within the cytoplasm) 20\. \*\*Male gonads\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Testes 21\. \*\*Importance of understanding tissue structure and function\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: All of these are correct 22\. \*\*Maximum oxygen exchange in blood\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Capillaries surrounding the alveoli 23\. \*\*Disruption in cell function due to disease\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Both of the statements are correct 24\. \*\*Molecule that displays antigen on cell surface\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Major histocompatibility complex molecule 25\. \*\*Extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Primarily collagen fibers 26\. \*\*Calcitonin\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: \"Is synthesized by C cells of the thyroid gland.\" 27\. \*\*Direction of gas movement\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Partial pressure differences 28\. \*\*Unique thumb movement\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Opposition 29\. \*\*Type of muscle contraction when pushing a wall\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Isometric 30\. \*\*Descending order of the male duct system\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra 31\. \*\*Outer connective tissue layer of bone\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Periosteum 32\. \*\*Urge to inhale\*\*: \- \*\*Answer\*\*: Rising PCO2 Here are the correct answers for each question based on physiological and anatomical concepts: 1\. \*\*Joints are classified structurally according to the \_\_\_ that binds them, and functionally according to their \_\_\_.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Connective tissue, degree of motion 2\. \*\*Pepper's patient has controlled diabetes mellitus, with insulin release by the pancreas that ceases once blood glucose normalizes. This is an example of regulation by:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Negative feedback 3\. \*\*The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, except:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Is involved in physical activities, such as perspiration. 4\. \*\*Which of the following does not occur during inflammation?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Vascular permeability is decreased 5\. \*\*\_\_\_ detect light touch and superficial pressure and are found in the epidermis.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Merkel\'s disks 6\. \*\*Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Absorption of digested molecules 7\. \*\*The actual \"sperm-forming factories\" of the male reproductive system that empty sperm into the rete testes are called the:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Seminiferous tubules 8\. \*\*The \_\_\_ consists of nerves, receptors, ganglia, and synapses outside the CNS.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Afferent division of the peripheral nervous system 9\. \*\*Pulmonary ventilation movements are due to:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Costal muscles and diaphragm 10\. \*\*Which of these statements concerning the form and location of the heart are correct?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* The apex is directed to the left, and deep to the fifth intercostal space. 11\. \*\*The phase of gastric secretion stimulated by stomach distention is the:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Gastric phase 12\. \*\*The fleshy part of the external ear on the outside of the head is the:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Auricle 13\. \*\*In skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation, calcium ions:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Are returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport. 14\. \*\*Functions of the peripheral circulation include all of the following EXCEPT:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Pumps blood into the arteries 15\. \*\*The cell type most likely to have the largest number of mitochondria is:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Muscle cells 16\. \*\*The result of the process of inspiration is:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure. 17\. \*\*Pepper's abnormally high level of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) would cause:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Darkening of the skin 18\. \*\*Epithelial cells:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Have all of these properties. 19\. \*\*The insertion of the gluteus maximus is the:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Femur 20\. \*\*The movement of a synovial joint in one plane is classified as:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Hinge 21\. \*\*The action of the orbicularis oris muscle is to:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Close, purse, and protrude the lips 22\. \*\*Epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells where some reach the free surface and others do not is classified as:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 23\. \*\*The dermis is thicker than the epidermis.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* True 24\. \*\*The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Has postganglionic cell bodies in chain ganglia or collateral ganglia. 25\. \*\*Blood pressure measurements are most commonly taken in the:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Brachial artery 26\. \*\*The statement about ADH's effects on the distal tubules and collecting ducts is:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* False 27\. \*\*Oxygen diffuses out of blood into tissues because:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Oxygen concentration of tissue fluid is lower 28\. \*\*The functions of the skeletal system include all of the following EXCEPT:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Transport of materials via its fluid matrix 29\. \*\*All are true of aerobic respiration, EXCEPT:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Does not require the use of oxygen 30\. \*\*Which of these is NOT one of the four basic tissue types?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Glandular 31\. \*\*A muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a(n):\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Synergist only 32\. \*\*Gonadotropins:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Regulate growth, development, and function of the ovaries and testes. 33\. \*\*The correct order through which food passes in the digestive tract is:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine 34\. \*\*When a primary follicle enlarges and has several layers of granulosa cells, it is called a:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Secondary follicle 35\. \*\*Valves in veins:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Are found more often in the leg veins than in the arm veins and allow blood to flow only toward the heart. 36\. \*\*The nonspecific lymphocyte that kills tumor cells and virus-infected cells is the:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Natural killer cells 37\. \*\*The component of the control system responsible for detecting change is the:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Receptor 38\. \*\*Homeostasis is mainly governed by the:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Nervous and endocrine system 39\. \*\*The phase of swallowing where the epiglottis covers the larynx opening is the:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Pharyngeal phase 40\. \*\*A connective tissue that surrounds the kidneys is the:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Renal capsule 41\. \*\*Epidural anesthesia is inserted between the:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Body of the vertebrae and dura mater 42\. \*\*In adults, a set of fused bones is the:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Sacral bone 43\. \*\*Which of the following binds more strongly to hemoglobin?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Carbon monoxide 44\. \*\*The gaps between segments of oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells are called:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Nodes of Ranvier 45\. \*\*The \_\_\_ is the opening through which the spinal cord connects to the brain.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Foramen magnum 46\. \*\*Active natural immunity occurs when:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* An individual develops a disease. 47\. \*\*The anterior chisel-shaped teeth adapted for cutting are:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Incisors 48\. \*\*The false statement about depth perception is:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Depth perception requires monocular vision. 49\. \*\*The primary function of hyaline cartilage is to:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Support trachea 50\. \*\*After neurotransmitter activation of chemically gated channels, the next action is:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* The cell may reach threshold 51\. \*\*A molecule that can directly pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Carbon dioxide 52\. \*\*The maculae and otoliths are found in the:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Saccule and utricle 53\. \*\*The ascending limb of the loop of Henle functions to:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Dilute the filtrate by removing solutes. 54\. \*\*The skin is composed of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* False 55\. \*\*Antagonistic muscles include:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Biceps brachii and triceps brachii 56\. \*\*The study that does NOT represent anatomical study is:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Studying how the nerves conduct electrical impulses 57\. \*\*Skin cells have the ability to regenerate and divide.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* True 58\. \*\*The hormone responsible for ovulation is:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Luteinizing hormone 59\. \*\*All of the following describe acetylcholine EXCEPT:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Binds to receptors on the presynaptic terminal. 60\. \*\*Erythropoietin:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Stimulates red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. 61\. \*\*Approximately \_\_\_ L of filtrate enters nephrons daily; \_\_\_% is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* 180 L and 65% 62\. \*\*The posterior pituitary gland is stimulated to secrete hormones by:\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Stimulation of neurons within the hypothalamus 63\. \*\*The medulla oblongata controls gastric secretion both by the parasympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* False