Research Designs Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does a research design primarily serve as?

  • A blueprint for conducting a research study (correct)
  • A tool for data collection
  • An analysis of existing literature
  • A summary of research findings

Which element is NOT typically included in a research design?

  • Sampling technique
  • Study setting
  • Literature review (correct)
  • Method of data analysis

What is a key characteristic of quantitative research design?

  • Prioritizes subjective interpretation
  • Utilizes unstructured interviews
  • Focuses on narrative data
  • Enables extensive statistical analysis (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a type of true experimental design?

<p>Descriptive design (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of research design allows generalization of results from a sample to a population?

<p>Quantification of data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about experimental research designs is accurate?

<p>They allow for the manipulation of independent variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following categorizations does NOT fit under quantitative research design?

<p>Case study design (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of quantitative research?

<p>Confirmation of hypotheses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly employed in data collection for quantitative research?

<p>Surveys and questionnaires (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research design approach focuses on numeric data and statistical analysis?

<p>Quantitative research design (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of qualitative research?

<p>To explore and understand complex human experiences and perspectives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT typically used in qualitative research?

<p>Surveys with closed-ended questions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of qualitative research involves studying cultural groups from an insider's perspective?

<p>Ethnographic research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome associated with the use of grounded theory in qualitative research?

<p>Inductively deriving theories from qualitative data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which qualitative research design specifically aims to clarify and improve research practices?

<p>Action research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which qualitative research approach analyzes human experiences through participant descriptions?

<p>Phenomenological research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of case studies in qualitative research?

<p>Focused on a single instance or example. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of qualitative research studies past occurrences to uncover trends and causes?

<p>Historical research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used in qualitative research to enhance questionnaire development?

<p>Focus groups and interviews (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research design primarily involves observing the actions and interactions of people within their own environment?

<p>Ethnographic research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of quasi-experimental design?

<p>It manipulates an independent variable without randomization or a control group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which design is characterized by a single group without a control group?

<p>One-shot case design. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes correlational design from experimental designs?

<p>It examines relationships in a natural setting without control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In prospective design, what is the primary focus?

<p>Examining relationships from cause to effect. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the goal of descriptive research design?

<p>To accurately describe characteristics and frequencies without manipulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which design would best be described as lacking any randomization or control?

<p>One-group pretest-posttest design. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research design involves examining relationships in the past?

<p>Ex post facto design. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of exploratory descriptive design in research?

<p>To describe the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of non-experimental research design?

<p>Manipulation of independent variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of time-series design?

<p>It analyzes the same group over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In comparative descriptive design, what is the main focus of investigation?

<p>Comparing occurrences of a phenomenon in different groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research design provides insights without imposing control on the subject?

<p>Descriptive design. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a longitudinal design differ from a cross-sectional design?

<p>It examines a phenomenon over multiple time points (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does epidemiology primarily study?

<p>The distribution and causes of disease in a population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research design involves self-reported data collection to describe population characteristics?

<p>Survey research design (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research design would be most appropriate for examining the relationships between multiple variables over time?

<p>Longitudinal design (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What research method would typically follow up with cohorts over a period of time to examine health outcomes?

<p>Cohort studies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a focus of qualitative research design?

<p>Statistical analysis of numerical data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes univariant descriptive studies in research?

<p>They focus on a single phenomenon's occurrence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research design is least likely to provide insight into the causality of health outcomes?

<p>Cross-sectional design (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Phenomenological Research

Qualitative research investigates human experiences by analyzing descriptions provided by the people involved.

Ethnographic Research

Ethnographic research studies specific cultural groups by observing and interviewing members, often involving key informants.

Grounded Theory Research

Grounded theory research develops a theory based on observations and data collected through participant observation.

Case Study Research

Case studies focus on in-depth analysis of a single case, which can be an individual, group, event, or institution.

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Historical Research

Historical research involves gathering and evaluating data from the past to understand events, causes, and effects.

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Action Research

Action research aims to improve practices by taking action and then studying the effects of the action.

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Clarifying Research Design

Qualitative research helps clarify the research design, such as data collection methods, by understanding the phenomenon being studied.

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Gathering Data Through Interviews and Focus Groups

Qualitative research uses interviews and focus groups to gather in-depth information from participants.

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Drafting Questionnaires

Qualitative research helps refine the questionnaire by identifying important concepts and questions.

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Improving Conceptualization

Qualitative research improves the conceptualization of the research topic by providing a deeper understanding of the phenomenon.

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Univariant Descriptive Study

A research approach seeking to understand and describe the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon.

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Comparative Descriptive Design

A research approach aiming to investigate the relationship between variables by comparing the occurrences of a phenomenon in two or more groups.

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Developmental Research Design

A research design that investigates how a phenomenon changes over time.

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Cross-Sectional Design

A developmental research design that examines a phenomenon at a single point in time.

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Longitudinal Design

A developmental research design that examines a phenomenon repeatedly over time.

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Epidemiological Design

A research design that focuses on the distribution and causes of disease in a population.

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Case-Control Study

An epidemiological study that investigates the factors that contribute to a disease by comparing people who have the disease to those who don't.

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Cohort Study

An epidemiological study that follows a group of people over time to see who develops a disease.

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Survey Research Design

A research design that uses surveys to gather information from a sample of individuals to describe a population on variables of interest.

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Qualitative Research Design

A research approach that aims to understand the complex nature of phenomena through in-depth exploration of experiences, perspectives, and meanings.

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Research Design

A blueprint that guides the entire research process, outlining the approach, setting, sample size, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques to address specific research questions or test hypotheses.

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Quantitative Research

A type of research that focuses on collecting and analyzing numerical data to quantify findings and draw generalizable conclusions about a population based on a sample.

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Experimental Research Design

A research design where the researcher manipulates an independent variable to observe its effects on a dependent variable, with a control group for comparison.

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True Experimental Design

A research design where participants are randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group, allowing for stronger causal inferences.

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Post-test-only Control Design

A type of true experimental design using a single group, measuring the dependent variable after the treatment.

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Pre-test-Posttest Control Design

A type of true experimental design where the dependent variable is measured both before and after the treatment, with a control group for comparison.

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Solomon Four-Group Design

A true experimental design that involves measuring the dependent variable before and after the treatment in both the experimental and control groups, as well as a second control group that only receives the post-test.

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Factorial Design

A true experimental design where multiple independent variables are manipulated simultaneously to observe their individual and combined effects on the dependent variable.

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Randomized Block Design

A true experimental design where participants are grouped based on a pre-existing characteristic (e.g., age, gender) to control for variability in the dependent variable.

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Crossover Design

A true experimental design where participants act as their own control, receiving different treatments in different phases of the study, with a washout period between phases.

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Quasi-experimental design

A research design where an independent variable is manipulated, but there's no random assignment of participants to groups or a control group. Focuses on observing changes over time.

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Time-series design

A type of quasi-experimental design where a single group is observed at multiple time points before and after an intervention.

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Nonrandomized control group design

A quasi-experimental design where participants are not randomly assigned to groups, and there is no control group. The researcher observes changes after an intervention.

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Pre-experimental design

A research design with minimal control over extraneous variables. It involves manipulating an independent variable with little to no randomization or control group.

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One-shot case design

Pre-experimental design where a single group is exposed to an intervention, and their response is measured only once.

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One-group pretest-posttest design

Pre-experimental design where a single group's behavior is measured before and after an intervention, but there's no control group. The effect of the intervention is based on comparing pre- and post-test scores.

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Descriptive research

Research that aims to describe the characteristics of individuals, situations, or groups. Data is collected without manipulating variables or controlling extraneous factors.

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Univariant descriptive design

A type of descriptive research that studies a single variable.

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Correlational/Ex post facto design

Research focusing on identifying and examining relationships between two or more variables in their natural setting without manipulating them.

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Prospective design

Observing and analyzing relationships from cause to effect.

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Study Notes

Research Designs

  • Research designs are the decisions made about what, where, when, how much, and how a research study will be conducted.
  • Research design is a blueprint for a study, outlining the approach, setting, sample size, data collection method, and data analysis to answer specific research questions or test hypotheses.
  • Research designs are broadly categorized into quantitative and qualitative approaches.

Elements of Research Design

  • Quantitative: This approach focuses on numerical data and includes defining the population, sample, and sampling technique. It also involves the methods of data analysis, and the time and place of data collection.

Types/Approaches of Research Design

  • Quantitative Research Design:

    • Quantifies data and generalizes results from sample to population.
    • Examines large numbers of representative cases.
    • Employs a structured approach to data collection.
    • Enables extensive statistical analysis.
    • Used to confirm hypotheses, theories, and recommend courses of action.

  • True Experiments:

  • Post-test only control design, Pre-test post-test control group design, Solomon four-group design, Factorial design, Randomized block design, Crossover design. These involve manipulating an independent variable and controlling extraneous variables.

  • Quasi-Experiments: These involve manipulating an independent variable but without complete control over extraneous variables; nonrandomized control group designs, and time-series designs are examples.

  • Pre-experiments: These involve limited control over variables. Examples include one-shot case design and one-group pretest-posttest design.

  • Descriptive designs: Provide a detailed description of characteristics in a situation or group. Examples include univariate descriptive designs.

  • Correlational/ Ex Post Facto Designs:

  • Prospective designs: Examine relationships between variables in a natural setting, examining a cause-and-effect relationship.

  • Retrospective designs: Examine a relationship between variables in a natural setting by analyzing data after the fact, looking at the effect and then looking back to see the cause.

  • Exploratory Designs:

  • Formulate a problem.

  • Provide evidence of relationship between variables.

  • Comparative Designs:

  • Compare the occurrences of a phenomenon in two or more groups.

  • Developmental Designs:

  • Cross-sectional design: Examines a phenomenon at a single point in time.

  • Longitudinal design: Examines a phenomenon at various points in time.

  • Epidemiological Designs:

  • Case-control studies: Investigate the distribution and causes of disease in populations.

  • Cohort studies: Investigate the distribution and causes of disease in populations.

  • Survey Research Designs: Collect self-reported data to describe population variables.

  • Qualitative Research Design:

  • Explores academic, trade, and professional literature (both traditional and internet-based).

  • Uses interviews, brainstorming, and focus groups to explore data.

  • Uses existing questionnaires and constructs to improve conceptualization.

  • Clarifies research designs, including data collection approaches.

  • Develops questionnaires (draft the questionnaire).

  • Phenomenological research: Explores human experiences.

  • Ethnographic research: Investigates cultural groups and key informants.

  • Grounded theory: Develops theories from data.

  • Case studies: Examines a phenomenon in detail.

  • Historical Research: Systematically collects and evaluates past data to understand causes and effects, and predict future trends.

  • Action Research: Seeks to improve practices by studying the effects of specific actions.

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Description

Explore the fundamental aspects of research designs in this quiz. Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative approaches, and learn about the elements that make up an effective research design. Test your knowledge on how research studies are structured to answer specific questions or hypotheses.

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