Egypt Past Paper PDF

GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY MODERN AGES Egypt A country located in the northeastern c...

GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY MODERN AGES Egypt A country located in the northeastern corner of Africa. Egypt’s heartland, the Nile River valley Egypt has a population of over 84 million and delta, with the vast majority of Egyptians living in was the home of one of the principal civilizations of 40,000 square kilometres (less than 4% of the ancient Middle East and, like Mesopotamia the total land area) along the banks of the farther east, was the site of one of the world’s River Nile, where the only arable land is earliest urban and literate societies. Pharaonic found. The vast majority of the remaining Egypt thrived for some 3,000 years through a land is made up of sparsely inhabited, arid series of native dynasties that were interspersed desert. with brief periods of foreign rule. After Alexander Egypt's capital is Cairo, in the north of the the Great conquered the region in 323 BC, urban country, which has a population of Egypt became an integral part of the Hellenistic approximately 12 million. Alexandria is the (The period covers the period of Mediterranean history second largest city, with a population of between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and over 4 million. the emergence of the Roman Empire) ,world. Egypt is one of the oldest civilizations of Under the Greek Ptolemaic dynasty, an the world, established over 5,000 years ago. advanced literate society thrived in the city Based around the River Nile, whose annual of Alexandria, but what is now Egypt was flood was central to the country's conquered by the Romans in 30 BC. It remained prosperity, various civilizations flourished. part of the Roman Republic and Empire and then The Pharaohs reigned intermediately both part of Rome’s successor state, the Byzantine in Memphis in the north and Thebes in the Empire, until its conquest by Arab Muslim armies south, bringing a culture that has continued in AD 639–642. to fascinate and inspire people the world over with features such as the pyramids, Egypt was called "The Gift of the Nile" by hieroglyphics and numerous awe inspiring Herodotus, a Greek historian. temples and artefacts. Without the Nile the area would be entirely desert River Nile flooded every year during month of July Evidence of the Pharaohs and the Romans and left rich soil. This rich soil was ideal for still exists at the Sukari Gold Mine today, as planting crops. well as the remains of the British Mine Manager's house from relatively recent times (the 1950s). Economy and Currency The Egyptian economy is one of the largest in the Arab. The largest sectors are natural resources, agriculture, tourism and For SLSU use only 61 1 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY MODERN AGES industry. The Egyptian currency is the Egyptian Who were the farmers in Ancient Egypt? Pound.. The pharaoh got the rich peasants to do the Prospectivity farm work on the rich lands. Egypt is situated on the Arabian-Nubian Shield and rich gold deposits are found throughout this region. Sukari is the only gold mine in Egypt. However other companies have established mines in other parts of the Arabian-Nubian Shield, such as Eritrea, Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia. Languages and Religion Polytheistic(believed in many gods) 2000 Gods Built huge temples to honor gods Most villagers were farmers. Farmers lived Believed in afterlife in towns too, along with craft workers, traders and other workers and their It is estimated that over 90% of Egypt's population families. are Muslim (mostly Sunni), with the remaining population being predominantly Coptic Christian. What crops did the Egyptian Farmers Arabic is the official language of Egypt, although grow? English is widely understood. Egyptians grew crops such as wheat, barley, vegetables, figs, melons, pomegranates and vines. They also grew flax which was made into linen. The most important crop was grain. The ancient Egyptians used grain to make bread, porridge and beer. Grain was the first crop they grew after inundation (flooding season). Once the grain was harvested, they grew vegetables such as onions, leeks, cabbages, beans, cucumbers and lettuce. Farmers planted fruit trees and vines along paths, to give shade as well as fruit. Where did the farmers grow their crops? The Egyptians grew their crops along the banks of the River Nile on the rich black soil, or kemet which was left behind after Ancient Egyptian Farming the yearly floods. The fertile soil was ideal to grow healthy crops. The people of ancient Egypt grew everything they needed to eat. How many seasons were there in Ancient Egypt? For SLSU use only 61 2 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY MODERN AGES Egyptian farmers divided their year into three seasons, based on the cycles of the Nile River: Akhet - the inundation (June-September): The Flooding Season. No farming was done at this time, as all the fields were flooded. Instead, many farmers worked for the pharaoh (king), building pyramids or temples. Some of the time was spent mending their tools and looking after animals. Shaduf (shadoof) is a machine to move Peret (October-February): The Growing Season. In water from a lower place to a higher place. October the floodwaters receded, leaving behind a layer of rich, black soil. This fertile soil was then What animals did the Egyptian farmers ploughed and seeded. have? Shemu (March-May): The Harvesting Season. The Animals were very important to Egyptian fully grown crops had to be cut down (harvested) farmers. Animals helped them with jobs and removed before the Nile flooded again. It was like trampling in the seeds, pulling the also the time to repair the canals ready for the next plough, eating unwanted grain or wheat flood. and providing the Egyptians with food and drink. They kept animals such as cattle, What farming tools did they have in Ancient goats, pigs, ducks, cows, and geese. Egypt? Ancient Egyptian medicine Ancient Egyptians had simple farming tools such as Some of the earliest records of medical care winnowing scoops, hoes, rakes, flint-bladed sickles come from ancient Egypt. and ploughs. The ancient Egyptians believed in prayer as a solution to health problems, but they also had natural, or practical remedies such as herbs. The ancient Egyptians thought that gods, demons, and spirits played a key role in causing diseases. Doctors believed that spirits blocked channels in the body and that this affected How did they lift water from canals on to the the way the body worked. They looked for land? ways to unblock these channels. They used To lift the water from the canal they used a shaduf. a combination of prayer and natural — or A shaduf is a large pole balanced on a crossbeam, a non-spiritual — remedies. rope and bucket on one end and a heavy counter The fact that ancient Egyptians had systems weight at the other. By pulling the rope it lowered of letters and numbers meant they were the bucket into the canal. The farmer then raised able to record and develop ideas and make the bucket of water by pulling down on the weight. calculations. Documented ancient Egyptian He then swung the pole around and emptied the medical literature is among the oldest in bucket onto the existence today. For SLSU use only 61 3 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY MODERN AGES Surgery The conventions for reading and writing numbers is quite simple; the higher Egyptian physicians underwent training and could number is always written in front of the successfully fix broken bones and dislocated joints. lower number and where there is more Basic surgery — meaning procedures close to the than one row of numbers the reader should surface of the skin or on the skin — was a common start at the top. skill, and doctors knew how to stitch wounds effectively. They used bandages and would bind certain plant products, such as willow leaves, into the bandages to treat inflammation. However, they did not perform surgery deep inside the body, probably because there were no anesthetics or antiseptics. Circumcision of baby boys was common practice. It # Sample is hard to tell whether female circumcision existed. There is one mention, but this may be a mistranslation. =__________ Egyptian Mathematics Numbers Hieroglyphic Numbers =___________________ The Egyptians had a decimal system using seven different symbols. =____________________ 1 is shown by a single stroke. 10 is shown by a drawing of a hobble for cattle. =______________________ 100 is represented by a coil of rope. Convert to Egyptian numeral 1,000 a drawing of a lotus plant. 25 =______________________ 10,000 is represented by a finger. 100,000 a tadpole or frog 398 =_____________________ 1,000,000 figure of a god with arms raised above 5, 813 =____________________ his head. 35, 978 =___________________ Ancient Egyptian Inventions The Ox-drawn Plough Using the power of oxen to pull the plough For SLSU use only 61 4 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY MODERN AGES revolutionised agriculture and modified versions of filled with water and easily raised then this Egyptian invention are still used by farmers in emptied onto higher ground. developing countries around the world. The Sickle Surgical Instruments Egyptians invented medical surgery. It describes 48 surgical cases of The sickle is a curved injures of the head, neck, shoulders, blade used for cutting breast and chest. It and harvesting grain, includes a list of such as wheat and barley instruments used during surgeries Irrigation with instructions for the suturing of The Egyptians wounds using a constructed canals and irrigation ditches to needle and thread. harness Nile river’s yearly flood and bring water to This list includes distant fields. lint, swabs, Shadoof bandage, adhesive plaster, surgical stitches and cauterization. It is also the earliest document to make a study of the brain. The Cairo Museum has a collection of surgical instruments which include scalpels, scissors, copper needles, forceps, spoons, lancets, hooks, probes and pincers. Wigs During the hot summers many Egyptians shaved their heads to keep them clean and prevent pests such as lice. Although priests remained bald as part of their purification The Shadoof is a long balancing pole with a weight rituals, those that could afford it had wigs on one end and a bucket on the other. The bucket is made in various styles and set with perfumed beeswax. For SLSU use only 61 5 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY MODERN AGES Cosmetic Makeup small, parasitic flatworms, which still exists in Egypt today. There seems to have been The Egyptian invented eye makeup as far back as no syphilis or rickets. 4000 B.C. They combined soot with a lead mineral Black Ink called galena to create a black ointment known as The ancient Egyptians use a mixture of bee kohl. They also made green eye makeup by combining malachite with galena to tint the wax, soot and vegetable gum to make black ointment. ink. Both men and women wore eye makup; believing it Focus Question could cure eye diseases and keep them from falling victim to the evil eye. 1. Which statement below best describes Toothpaste hieroglyphics? ( A) type of art using letters At the 2003 dental conference in Vienna, dentists and sounds (B) A form of writing using sampled a replication of ancient Egyptian picture symbols (C) A fancy way of writing toothpaste. Its ingredients included powdered of ox hooves, ashes, burnt eggshells and pumice. the Greek alphabet (D) A font that can be Another toothpaste recipe and a how-to-brush use with any language guide was written on a papyrus from the fourth century AD describes how to mix precise amounts 2. How can we write 345? of rock salt, mint, dried iris flower and grains of pepper, to form a “powder for white and (A) Three coil of rope and four piece of perfect teeth.” rope and five lines (B) Two coil of rope and four piece of rope (C) Three piece of Papyrus Papyrus was a plant and the plant was able to help ropeand four coil of rope and five lines. (D) them to make wood to build ships, but it also was Three piece of and four lines coil of rope used to make paper. and five rope 3. What body of water played a major role in the development of the Ancient Egyptian civilization? (A) Mediterranean Sea (B) Red Sea (C) Indian Ocean (D) Nile River 4. Where was Ancient Egypt located? (A) Northeast Africa (B) Southern Europe (C) Eastern Asia (D) Australia The Egyptians would use the paper to write things 5. Which of the following is true about the such as religious ideas and books. use of makeup in Ancient Egypt? (A) It was used by both men and women. (B) It Mummification protected their skin from the harsh sun. (C) It was thought to have special healing The Egyptians were so expert at preserving the powers. (D) All of the above bodies of the dead that after thousands of years we know of the diseases they suffered such as arthritis, 6. What was a Pharaoh? (A) A type of tuberculosis of the bone, gout, tooth decay, bladder statue erected to the Egyptian gods (B) stones, and gallstones; there is evidence, too, of the The leader of Egypt (C) A large structure disease bilharziasis (schistosomiasis), caused by where the Egyptian kings were buried (D) For SLSU use only 61 6 GEC08-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY MODERN AGES All of the above a. 5,108 b. 50, 109 c. 5, 109 d. 15, 109 7. Which Egyptian Numeral = 13 ? 11. Queen Hatshepsut has ordered her Nubian general, Nehsi, to sail to the Land of a. c. Punt and obtain planks of the finest cut cedar wood for the gates and doors of her new temple. b.. D. Each ship can carry planks of wood so how many ships will Nehsi have to take with him to transport all the wood back to Egypt? (A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 15 (D) 20 8. Which set of Egyptian numeral is wrong a. c. https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/ec onomies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/India- b. d. AGRICULTURE.html#ixzz6ZaeyZYMp https://www.livescience.com/28634- indian-culture.html 9. What is the equivalent Egyptian https://www.britannica.com/place/Egypt numeral for 1,025 http://www.centamin.com.au/centamin/o a. perations/egypt/egypt-country-overview http://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/ b. egypt/farming.htm https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/artic c. les/323633#channel-theory https://discoveringegypt.com/ancient- d. egyptian-inventions/ 10. The equivalent roman numeral for https://discoveringegypt.com/ancient- egyptian-inventions/ For SLSU use only 61 7