Intro to Nursing Exam 2 Blueprint
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Questions and Answers

At what age should meats be introduced to an infant?

  • 6 months
  • 9 months (correct)
  • 15 months
  • 12 months

What is a recommended sleeping position for infants to reduce the risk of SIDS?

  • On their sides
  • On their stomachs
  • In a sitting position
  • On their backs (correct)

What developmental milestone occurs between 9-14 months of age according to Piaget's cognitive theory?

  • Trust vs. mistrust
  • Moral reasoning
  • Object permanence (correct)
  • Formation of full sentences

How many hours of sleep do infants require by the time they reach one year of age?

<p>12 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phrase best describes toddlers' understanding of sharing during parallel play?

<p>Sharing is ignored (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of toddlers' speech development by the age of four?

<p>They form full sentences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates how infants show bonding with caregivers?

<p>Smiling upon hearing a familiar voice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for infants who are classified as having no understanding of morality according to Kohlberg?

<p>Amoral (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cephalocaudal' describe in growth?

<p>Growth that occurs from head to tail (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically triple their birth weight?

<p>By 1 year (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following theories focuses on the moral reasoning process in determining right and wrong?

<p>Moral Theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average daily increase in weight for infants during their first 6 weeks of life?

<p>5-7 oz (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental stage occurs during the ages of 2 to 4 years according to Piaget's schema?

<p>Pre-operational (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the 'proximodistal' pattern of growth?

<p>Growth that starts from the midline and extends outward (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended calorie intake for infants during their first year?

<p>110-120 calories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Erikson's theory is related to emotional development in early childhood?

<p>Initiative vs. Guilt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended amount of sleep for children aged 6 to 12 years?

<p>10-12 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental stage according to Erikson is relevant for children aged 3 to 6 years?

<p>Initiative vs. Guilt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do girls typically begin their pre-pubescent growth spurt?

<p>10-12 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive characteristic is associated with Piaget's pre-operational stage?

<p>Intuitive thinking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common nutrition requirement for children in the age group of 6-12 years?

<p>2400 calories per day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During play, children often engage in which kind of activities?

<p>Imitative role play and creative activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following safety measures is necessary for children when engaging in sports or swimming?

<p>Wearing protective gear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological aspect is highlighted in Kohlberg's theory for children in the 6-12 year age range?

<p>Instrumental purpose and exchange morality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the physical development of young adults?

<p>They are in peak physical condition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the outcomes of the intimacy versus isolation stage in Erikson's psychosocial development?

<p>Potential for depression due to lack of connections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Piaget's formal operations relate to intelligence in young adults?

<p>They typically exhibit fluid intelligence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following might young adults experience as a result of engaging in risky behaviors?

<p>Unintended pregnancy and STI infections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended amount of sleep for young adults?

<p>6-8 hours. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental stage reflects Kohlberg's post-conventional morality?

<p>Principled actions for the sake of others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of poor nutrition in young adults who often eat fast foods?

<p>Reduction in energy levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what BMI range is an individual considered obese?

<p>30 or greater. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of decreased metabolism in middle-aged adults?

<p>Weight settling in the abdomen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these behaviors can help alleviate issues related to the aging process?

<p>Regular exercise such as walking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychosocial challenge do middle-aged adults face according to Erikson's theory?

<p>Generativity vs Stagnation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive development stage do middle-aged adults generally operate in, according to Piaget?

<p>Formal operations with crystallized intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As older adults age, which of the following health risks significantly increases?

<p>Increased risk of respiratory infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nutritional changes are typically needed for older adults?

<p>Higher emphasis on fiber and balanced nutrition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sleeping pattern is common among older adults?

<p>They require 5-6 hours of sleep nightly but may nap often. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of social isolation in older adults?

<p>Increased risk of abuse and neglect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main risks that decreased balance and vision present for older adults?

<p>Risk for falls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What developmental task is expected of older adults according to Erikson's theory?

<p>Integrity vs Despair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Kohlberg's stage of moral development, what principle do older adults generally adhere to?

<p>Universal ethical principles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence is characterized by elders recounting events with detail and wisdom, provided they do not suffer from cognitive decline?

<p>Crystallized intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Alzheimer's disease?

<p>Improved reasoning skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dementia heavily linked to in older adults?

<p>Alzheimer's disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the nature of Alzheimer's disease?

<p>A disease with no known cause or cure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one approach to help manage symptoms of Alzheimer's or dementia?

<p>Providing medications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Growth

An increase in size or number.

Cephalocaudal Development

Growth proceeding from head to tail.

Proximodistal Development

Growth proceeding near to far (midline to extremities).

Simple to Complex Development

Progression of movement in increasing complexity.

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Infant Growth Rate

Rapid growth during the first year of life (e.g., 5-7 oz per week for the first 6 weeks).

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Infant Weight Gain

Infants double their birth weight by 6 months and triple it by a year.

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Infant Nutrition

Infants need high calories (110-120 calories) and frequent feedings (every 3-4 hours) due to small stomachs.

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Introducing Solid Foods

Start introducing soft pureed foods like cereals, vegetables, and fruit around 6 months.

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Infant Sleep Needs

Newborns sleep 18-22 hours per day, gradually decreasing to 12 hours per day at one year with 1-2 naps (1-2 hours).

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Infant Food Introduction

Meats are introduced around 9 months of age and soft pureed table foods around 9-12 months.

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Infant SIDS Prevention

Always place infants on their backs to sleep to reduce risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

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Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight, developing between 9-14 months.

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Infant Trust vs. Mistrust

Consistent caregiving fostering trust, while inconsistency or neglect fosters mistrust in infants.

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Toddler Parallel Play

Toddlers play alongside each other without direct interaction, focusing on "mine" instead of sharing.

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Toddler Speech Development

Toddler speech is limited, using short phrases or one-to-two words to convey meanings.

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Toddler Supervision

Toddlers need constant supervision due to their curiosity and tendency to imitate others.

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Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young adults develop close relationships or feel isolated from others.

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Kohlberg's Post-conventional Morality

Moral reasoning based on social contracts and universal ethical principles.

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Piaget's Formal Operations

Cognitive stage marked by abstract thought, hypothetical reasoning, and problem-solving.

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Young Adult Physical Peak

Young adults typically reach peak physical condition in terms of strength, speed, and coordination.

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Young Adult Nutrition Concerns

Young adults often prioritize convenience over healthy eating, potentially leading to nutritional deficiencies and eating disorders.

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Middle Age Physical Changes

Middle-aged adults experience changes like hair thinning, skin wrinkling, and some loss of sensory functions.

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Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence

Fluid intelligence is problem-solving and adapting, while crystallized intelligence is accumulated knowledge.

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Young Adult Safety Risks

High-risk activities, domestic abuse, homicide, suicide, risky sexual behaviors, and potential STI infections are concerns during the young adult phase.

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School-aged children's sleep needs

School-aged children (6-12 years) need 10-12 hours of sleep per night for rest and growth.

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School-aged children's physical changes

Children grow taller and slimmer, gaining about 6 pounds per year and 2 inches per year. Girls experience a growth spurt around ages 10-12.

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School-aged children's caloric needs

School-aged children need increased calories (up to 2400 per day) due to their increased activity levels.

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School-aged children's play

School-aged children's play is organized, creative, and spontaneous. They take on roles, imitate adults, and mix reality and fantasy in play.

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School-aged children's safety needs

Children need supervision during activities like swimming and sports, and dangerous items should be kept out of reach.

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Erikson's stage for school-aged children

Erikson's stage for school-aged children (6-12) is 'Industry vs. Inferiority'.

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Kohlberg's stage for school-aged children

Kohlberg's stage for this age group is 'Instrumental Purpose and Exchange Morality'.

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Piaget's stage for school-aged children

Piaget's stage for this age group is 'Preoperational Cognition'.

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Middle-Aged Spread

An increase in abdominal fat often experienced by middle-aged adults due to decreased metabolism and lack of dietary adjustments.

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Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's stage where middle-aged adults focus on contributing to society and leaving a legacy, or failing to do so, leading to feelings of emptiness and isolation.

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Postconventional Morality

Kohlberg's stage where adults make decisions based on universal ethical principles, prioritizing societal benefit over personal gain.

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Crystallized Intelligence

Acquired knowledge and skills that increase with age and experience, often seen in middle-aged adults.

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Fluid Intelligence

The ability to solve problems and adapt to new situations, which may decline slightly with age but is still significant.

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Immune System Decline

A natural weakening of the immune system with age, increasing the risk of infections like pneumonia and influenza.

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Older Adult Nutrition

Older adults need balanced nutrition with an emphasis on fiber and hydration, despite slower metabolism.

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Older Adult Sleep

Older adults need less sleep overall, but slower metabolism and inactivity can lead to longer sleep durations and frequent naps.

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Falls in older adults

Decreased balance and vision in older adults increase their risk of falls. Modifications like removing rugs, using canes, and installing safety bars in bathrooms can help.

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Driving challenges in older adults

Slower reaction times and reduced eyesight make driving more difficult for older adults. This can lead to accidents and they may need to stop driving for safety.

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Erikson's Integrity vs. Despair

Older adults strive for integrity, accepting their life's journey and finding meaning in it. Failing to achieve this leads to despair and regret.

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Kohlberg's Moral Development in Older Adults

Like middle-aged adults, older adults are capable of universal ethical principles, meaning they act morally because it's the right thing to do. But they may not always consistently do so.

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Alzheimer's Disease - Definition

Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder that progressively worsens, affecting memory, thinking, and behavior. It's not a normal part of aging, and there's no cure.

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Signs of Alzheimer's

Alzheimer’s symptoms include memory loss disrupting daily life, trouble with planning, completing tasks, understanding time and place, visual problems, word finding difficulties, misplacing things, poor judgment, social withdrawal, and mood changes.

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Dementia - Definition

Dementia is a general term for a decline in mental abilities that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. It can be caused by various brain conditions like Alzheimer's disease, stroke, or injury. Not all dementia is Alzheimer's.

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Study Notes

Intro Exam 2 Blueprint

  • Intro to Nursing course, The University of Texas at El Paso
  • Blueprint for exam 2 content

Chapter 1: Growth and Development

  • Nature: Growth and development forces that are genetically inherited

  • Nurture: Forces that evolve with environmental exposure

  • Growth: Increase in size or number

  • Cephalocaudal: Head-to-tail growth

  • Proximodistal: Near-to-far growth (midline to extremities)

  • Progressive differentiation: Increased uniqueness in interactions

  • Simple to complex: Progression from simple to complex movements and language

  • Theorist (Kohlberg, Piaget, Erikson):

    • Kohlberg: Focuses on thinking processes for determining right/wrong
    • Piaget: Explains how new information is assimilated and accommodated for application
    • Erikson: Psychosocial theory based on Freud's psychosexual stages

  • Development: Increase in complexity and maturation

  • Stages: Reflexive, sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational

Chapter 2: Infant Development

  • Growth: Rapid during first year, doubling birth weight by 6 months, tripling by 1 year, increase in length
  • Nutrition: Infants need high calories (110-120 cal). Small, frequent feedings are necessary.
  • Sleep: Require a lot of sleep, newborns sleep 18-22 hours, often waking to eat. Critically, always sleep on their back to prevent SIDS.
  • Developmental Milestones: Bonding, Trust vs Mistrust, and object permanence
  • Piaget's Cognitive Theory: Focuses on cognitive development, including object permanence.

Chapter 3: Toddler Development

  • Play: Parallel play (side-by-side, without interaction), and interactive play (shared and social)
  • Speech: Developmental progression from single words to short simple phrases
  • Safety: Toddlers must be supervised, play environment should be childproof.
  • Toilet training: Myelination of nerves is key for understanding fullness/need to defecate
  • Physical Development: 16 teeth, beginning walking, increased height (4-5 inches) & weight (5-6 pounds) per year
  • Nutrition: Eaten finger foods, experience food jags.
  • Development Stages (Erikson, Kohlberg, Piaget):
    • Erikson: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
    • Kohlberg: Punishment and obedience.
    • Piaget: Transition from sensorimotor to pre-operational stages, early language and problem-solving

Chapter 4: Preschool Development

  • Oedipal Complex alleged by Freud
  • Physical development: Proportional bodies, height increase (2.5-3 inches), and weight increase by 5 pounds per year
  • Nutrition: May need less calories than toddlers
  • Sleep: 9-11 hours per night
  • Play: Creative, spontaneous, with imaginative play (e.g., roles, art, music)
  • Safety: supervised, protective environments.

Chapter 5: School-Age Development

  • Physical development: Growth is slower; weight gain per year about 6 pounds and height increase by 2 inches per year. Tonsils enlarged, primary teeth falling out.
  • Increased myelination: Leads to faster transmission of signals from the body to the brain.
  • Nutrition: Growing bodies require more calories
  • Safety and disease: More susceptible to respiratory infections, MMR, chicken pox, etc.
  • Cognition: Concrete operations (more intuitive thought)
  • Schooling: Activities appropriate for that age.
  • Vaccines: Keeping up with vaccination schedule is essential.

Chapter 6: Adolescent Development

  • Physical Development: Growth spurt (girls, 10-12); Physical development occurs.
  • Nutrition: Need adequate nutrition (balanced meals)
  • Sleep: Growing bodies need 10 hours of sleep.
  • Safety and disease: Increased risks (more active, sexual health concerns, car crashes)
  • Cognitive development: formal operations, egocentricity.

Chapter 7 (Young Adult Development)

  • Physical development: Peak physical condition
  • Nutrition: Fast food
  • Safety/Disease: Higher risk activities and/or behaviours like STI's, homicide, suicide
  • Development stages identified
  • Crystallized/wisdom: Intelligence is sustained in elders with no serious diseases

Chapter 8: Middle Adult Development

  • Physical development: Decrease in sub-Q tissue
  • Nutrition: Metabolism decreases
  • Safety/Disease: Increased risk chronic illnesses

Chapter 9: Older Adult Development

  • Physical development and decline in vision, hearing, mobility, balance, immune system
  • Nutrition: Changes for caloric intake
  • Sleep: Less sleep, more naps
  • Safety: Increased risk of falls
  • Cognitive Changes: crystallized intelligence vs. fluid intelligence:
    • Alzheimer's and dementia (diagnosis, signs, symptoms, and risk factors):
  • Developmental stages identified

Chapter 10: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  • Hierarchy of needs (physiological, safety & security, love & belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization)
  • Types of Families (with examples): Traditional, non-traditional, blended or merged, LGBTQ, Communes

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Intro Exam 2 Blueprint PDF (University of Texas at El Paso)

Description

This quiz covers the key concepts from Chapter 1 of the Intro to Nursing course at The University of Texas at El Paso. It focuses on growth and development theories, including contributions from Kohlberg, Piaget, and Erikson. Test your understanding of both nature and nurture influences on development as well as the stages of growth.

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