Joints Anatomy PDF

JOINTS OF THE AXIAL SKELETON Joints of the skull: Sutures suturae Temporohyoid joint- articulatio temporohyoidea Intermandibular joi...

JOINTS OF THE AXIAL SKELETON Joints of the skull: Sutures suturae Temporohyoid joint- articulatio temporohyoidea Intermandibular joint- articulatio intermandibularis Temporomandibular joint- articulatio temporomandibularis Temporomandibular joint By number: Composite joint By form: Condylar joint if a joint involves more than 2 surfaces, its a composite joint By degree and kind of mobility:* 1 ligament in small animals. large animals have 2 ligaments. formed by squamous part of the temp. mandibular bone. *The main movements of the temporomandibular joint are up and down, to open and close the mouth. A limited degree of lateral grinding and forward and backward movements of the mandible are also possible. 1  Nuchal ligament (ligamentum nuchae) Funiculus nuchae Lamina nuchae The nuchal ligament supports much of the weight of head when the head is held high, thus relieving load from the head and neck musculature Bursa subligamentosa nuchalis Funiculus nuchae Lamina nuchae Bursa subligamentosa supraspinalis 2 Dog Nuchal ligament (ligamentum nuchae) occipital Funiculus nuchae Lig. supraspinale Atlanto-occipital joint (1): Atlanto-axial joint (2): By form: ellipsoidal By form: pivot By number: simple By number: simple By degree and kind of mobility: By degree and kind of mobility: biaxial uniaxial 1 2 3  Atlanto-axial joint tuberculum dorsale & proc. spin Atlanto-axial joint (dogs & pigs) Lig. apicis dentis tub. ventrale of atlas -> crista Ligg. alaria ventrale of axis Lig. transversum atlantis Intervertebral articulations Long ligaments: Lig. longitudinale dorsale (Or: Axis. Term: Sacrum) Lig. longitudinale ventrale (Or: Th 7-8. Term: Sacrum) Lig. supraspinale (Or: Th 3-4. Term: Ilium) Short ligaments: Ligg. Flava Ligg. intertransversaria Ligg.interspinalia 4  aging, obesity , mechanical stress or other health related problems can lead to the rupture or degeneration of the disc, which will then allow the pulp nuleus to bulge out, occurs dorsally or dorsolaterally. Costovertebral joint The rupture or degeneration of a disc between the vertebrae allows the pulpy nucleus to bulge or leak out of the disc. This usually occurs dorsally, or dorsolaterally. This can result in pressure being placed on the spinal cord or spinal nerves. It most commonly occurs at the thoracolumbar junction or neck region. Sternum 5  Joints of the thoracic limb The scapula has no true bony connection with the bony thorax. It is held in place by a number of muscles and ligaments. This type of joint is called a synsarcosis. Shoulder joint- articulatio humeri Elbow joint- articulatio cubiti Radioulnar articulation (articulatio radioulnaris)(dogs & cats) Carpal joint- articulatio carpi Phalangeal joints- articulationes digitorum Shoulder joint (articulatio humeri) Types: By form: spheroidal By number: simple By degree and kind of mobility: multiaxial Lig. Coracohumerale (ox, horse, pig) Dog 1. 2. 1. Lig. glenohumerale laterale 2. Lig. glenohumerale mediale Horse 6  Elbow joint (articulatio cubiti) Types: By form: hinge Divided into: By number: composite Humeroradial joint (articulatio humeroradialis) By degree and kind of mobility: uniaxial Humeroulnar joint (articulatio humeroulnaris) Lig. collaterale laterale Lig. collaterale mediale Membrana interossea antebrachii Membrana interossea antebrachii Lateral Medial Horse Radioulnar articulation (articulatio radioulnaris) (dogs, cats) Divided into: Proximal radioulnar articulation (articulatio radioulnaris proximalis) Distal radioulnar articulation (articulatio radioulnaris distalis) Types: By form: Pivot joint By number: simple By degree and kind of mobility: uniaxial Lig. anulare radii Lig. Olecrani Lig. interosseum antebrachii Lig. collaterale Lig. collaterale laterale mediale Membrana interossea antebrachii Elbow joint (dogs, cats) 7  Carpal joint (articulatio carpi) Divided into: mediocarpea Types: By form: hinge By number: composite By degree and kind of mobility: uniaxial Horse Dorsal 8  access Horse lig. collaterale laterale Lateral Ox lig. collaterale mediale (Ox) lig. collaterale laterale Palmar 9  Phalangeal joints (Fetlock joint) (Pastern joint) (Coffin joint) Types: By form: hinge (metacarpophalangeal) saddle (proximal and distal interphalangeal). By number: composite (metacarpophalangeal and distal interphalangeal) simple (proximal interphalangeal). By degree and kind of mobility: uniaxial Lig. collaterale Lig. sesamoideum collaterale Lig. sesamoideum obliquum Lig. sesamoideum rectum Lig. palmare Lig. collaterale Lig. sesamoideum collaterale Lig. collaterale Cartilage of hoof Cartilago ungularis 10  Lig. sesamoideum collaterale Lig. sesamoideum obliquum Lig. sesamoideum rectum Ligg. palmaria Lig. sesamoideum distale impar Ox Dog Ligg. dorsalia 11  Joints of the hind limb Sacroiliac joint- articulatio sacroiliaca Hip joint- articulatio coxae Stifle joint- articulatio genus Tibiofibular joint – articulatio tibiofibularis Tarsal joint- articulatio tarsi Phalangeal joints- articulationes digitorum Types: Sacroiliac joint By form: plane joint By number: simplex By degree and kind of mobility: tight joint Lig. sacroiliacum dorsale breve Lig. sacroiliacum dorsale longum For. ischiadicum majus Lig. sacrotuberale latum Lig. sacroiliacum ventrale For. ischiadicum minus Horse 12 Dog Sacroiliac joint Lig. sacroiliacum dorsale breve Lig. sacrotuberale Coxofemoral or hip joint (articulatio coxae) Types: By form: spheroidal 3 By number: simple By degree and kind of mobility: multiaxial 13  Stifle joint (articulatio genus) Divided into: Femorotibial joint (articulatio femorotibialis) Femoropatellar joint (articulatio femoropatellaris) Types: By form: hinge (whole); sledge joint (femoropatellar), condylar joint (femorotibial) By number: composite By degree and kind of mobility: uniaxial Ligaments: Meniscal ligaments Femorotibial ligaments Femoropatellar ligaments Patellar ligament Cranial. 14 Lig. femoropatellare mediale Lateral. Lig. tibiale caudale menisci medialis Lig. tibiale caudale menisci lateralis Caudal. 15 Lig. tibiale craniale menisci lateralis Lig. tibiale craniale menisci medialis Carnivores Lig. cruciatum caudale Lig. cruciatum craniale Lig. Patellae (Dogs, Pigs, Small ruminants) 16  Tarsal joint (articulatio tarsi) Divided into: Tarsocrural joint (articulatio tarsocruralis) Proximal intertarsal joint (articulatio intertarsea proximalis) Distal intertarsal joint (articulatio intertarsea distalis) Tarsometatarsal joint (articulatio tarsometatarsea) Types: By form: hinge (whole); cochlear joint (tarsocrural) By number: composite By degree and kind of mobility: uniaxial 17  lig. tarsi dorsale Lateral. lig. tarsi dorsale Dorsal. 18  The anatomical peculiarities of the joints in birds Shoulder joint- articulatio omalis (articulatio coraco-scapulo-humeralis). The avian shoulder joint differs from mammalian since the humerus articulates not only with scapula, but with scapula and coracoid bones. Hip joint- articulatio coxae. The hip joint is composed of two articulations, the coxocapital joint (articulatio coxocapitalis) and the coxotrochanteric joint (articulatio coxotrochanterica). 19