Plant and Animal Organ Systems and Functions PDF

PLANTS AND ANIMALS, HUMAN REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT AND NUTRITION Objectives: At the end of the lesson the learners are be able to: 1. Discuss the basic structures/parts, the development and functions of human, plants, and animals. 2. Explain the process and importance of nutrients to the humans,...

PLANTS AND ANIMALS, HUMAN REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT AND NUTRITION Objectives: At the end of the lesson the learners are be able to: 1. Discuss the basic structures/parts, the development and functions of human, plants, and animals. 2. Explain the process and importance of nutrients to the humans, plants, and animals. 3. Differentiate the reproduction of human, plants, and animals.  What is REPRODUCTION? The process by which mature individuals produce offspring. An essential characteristics of all living organism. The action or process of making a copy of something. Flowering Plants Non-Flowering Plants  Flowering Plants produce flowers angiosperms “covered seed’’ Cotyledon  MONOCOT 3-6 fibrous DICOT taproots 4-5 SEED LEAF STEM FLOWER ROOTS  MONOCOT One Parallel Complexity Multiples of cotyledon Venation arranged 3-6 fibrous DICOT Two Netted Arranged in Multiples of cotyledons Venation ring 4-5 taproots SEED LEAF STEM FLOWER ROOTS Non-Flowering Plants gymnosperms CONIFERS FERNS MOSSES  pollen stigma tube P I S style T I ovary L ovule petals (corolla) anther S T sepals receptacle pollen grains A M (calyx) E N peduncle filament pedicel Perfect Flower Imperfect Flower flower that male stamen does not parts and have both female male and parts female structures pistil  TWO types of REPRODUCTION SEXUAL involves fertilization, the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. aSEXUAL does not involve gametes, instead parts of a mature organism may develop to new individuals.  Two Reproductive Parts of a Flower Stamen Pistil Male Female  Reproduction Process of Plants stigma Pollen grain Pollen tube male sex cell Pistil Anther Stamen Ovary ovule female sex cell Asexual Reproduction Artificial Vegetative Reproduction eye ‘’nodes’’ fleshy modified leaves Vegetative Reproduction runner  A cutting is a vegetative plant part Cutting which is detached from the parent plant.  A method of propagating plants Grafting where the stem of one plant is inserted.  A bud from a plant is removed Budding and inserted to another plant of the same type.  A process of scraping off the Marcotting surface of a healthy branch and covering it with fertile soil.  A process wherein a mature stem Layering is bent towards the ground to grow roots. Animal Reproduction  Sexual reproduction in animals takes place when sex cells of two parent animals unite to form a new organism. Asexual reproduction Only one parent is needed, resulting on offspring that are identical to the parent. SEXUAL Reproduction in animals takes place when sex cells of two parent animals unite to form a new organism. Internal fertilization External fertilization Internal Fertilization happens when the male animal releases sperm cells into the body of the female animal to fertilize the egg cell. Vivipary Viviparous External Fertilization happens when a female animal releases eggs into the environment to be fertilized by sperm cells also released by a male animal into the environment. Ovipary Oviparous  Vivipary Ovipary ASEXUAL Reproduction Only one parent is needed, resulting on offspring that are identical to the parent. BUDDING FRAGMENTATION REGENERATION BINARY fission PARTHENOGENESIS BUDDING an offspring grows out of the body of the parent. Ex: Hydra  FRAGMENTATION is a form of asexual reproduction wherein a parent organism breaks into fragments.  REGENERATION a piece of a parent is detached, it can grow and develop a new individual. planaria BINARY fission A cell splits into two new cells of equal size. Each daughter cell grows into a new organism. PARTHENOGENESIS when females egg develop into a new organism without being fertilized by a sperm cell. E.g.  and M AL E F E MA L E REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  URINARY BLADDER Pelvis SEMINAL VAS VESICLE DEFERENS PROSTATE URETHRA GLAND PENIS EPIDIDYMIS ANUS TESTES SCROTUM  OVIDUCT UTERUS OVIDUCT ‘’ Fallopian tube’’ ‘’ Fallopian tube’’ OVARY OVARY CERVIX VAGINA ENDOMETRIUM Spermatozoa testes M AL E Ova ovaries F EM L E A Parts and Functions Ovary: contains egg cells Uterus: has thick muscular expandable walls Cervix: like a canal connecting uterus and vagina Endometrium: the lining of the uterus Fallopian tubes: act as carries for the ovum or egg cell Vagina: a stretchy muscular tube Ovaries: The ovary produces female sex hormones which are responsible for the ripening of the egg, for the development of female sex characteristics and for supporting early pregnancy. Seminal vesicles: provide temporary storage for the sperm and produce its nourishment. Prostate glands: are muscular and glandular tissues in the wall of the urethra; they activate sperms and help in their survival. Urethra (yoo REE-thruh): is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body Penis (PEE-nis): is the outer sexual organ and passage for both semen and urine. Testes (TES-teez) or testicles: are two small glands that produce sperm, and male hormones. Scrotum (SKROH-tuhm): is a sac that contains the testes Vas deferens (vas Defuth-runz): are tubes that extend from each epididymis to the urethra. Epididymis (ep-I-DID-uh-mis): a network of tubes in which the sperms mature and are stored temporarily. Beginning of a New Life Ejaculation Semen Ovulation Fertilization Beginning of a New Life Zygote Embryo Implantation Ejaculation Semen Hormones Ovulation Ejaculation Semen Hormones Fertilization  Zygote Fetus Implantation Fertilization Embryo NUTRITION Nutrition is the process of taking in and using food. Human sustenance manages the arrangement of fundamental supplements in food that are important to help human existence and great wellbeing. Supplement alludes to any substance needed for the development and support of an organic entity. The two kinds of organisms dependent on the method of nourishment are autotrophs and heterotrophs.  NUTRIENTS USE IN THE BODY GOOD SOURCES Cereals, bread, pasta, rice and Carbohydrates To provide energy potatoes Fish, meat, eggs, beans, and dairy Proteins For growth and repair products To provide energy, also to store Fats energy in the body and insulate it Butter oil and nuts against the cold. Needed in small amounts to Salt, milk (for calcium) and liver (for Minerals maintain health iron) Needed in small amounts to Vitamins Dairy food, fruits and vegetables maintain health To provide roughage to help keep Fiber Vegetables and bran the food moving through the gut Water Needed for cells and body fluids Fruit juice, milk and water The digestive system has three main functions relating to food: 1. digestion of food, 2. absorption of nutrients from food, and 3. elimination of solid food waste. Digestion is the process of breaking down food into components the body can absorb. It consists of two types of processes: 1. mechanical digestion, and 2. chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of chunks of food into smaller pieces. This type of digestion takes place mainly in the mouth and stomach. Chemical digestion is the chemical breakdown (bonds are broken) of large, complex food molecules into smaller, simpler nutrient molecules that can be absorbed by body fluids (blood or lymph). This type of digestion begins in the mouth and continues in in the stomach but occurs mainly in the small intestine. For example, the usual way of presenting food processing in the human digestive system is to follow the processing of food as it passes from mouth to anus.  What organs make up the stomach related framework? The main organs that make up the digestive system (in order of their function) are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Helping them along the way are the pancreas, gall bladder and liver ❖ The mouth and esophagus Digestion begins in the mouth. The food is ground up by the teeth and moistened with saliva to make it easy to swallow. Saliva also has a special chemical, called an enzyme, which starts breaking down carbohydrates into sugars. Once swallowed, muscular contractions of the esophagus massage the ball of food down into the stomach. ❖ The stomach The food passes through a sphincter, or small muscle ring, into the stomach. Here it is mixed with gastric juices. The stomach is a muscular bag, and it churns the food to help break it down mechanically as well as chemically. The food is then squeezed through a second sphincter into the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. ❖ The small intestine Once in the duodenum, the food is mixed with more digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. Food is then squeezed into the lower parts of the small intestine, called the jejunum and the ileum. ❖ The large intestine Once all the nutrients have been absorbed, the waste is moved into the large intestine, or bowel. Water is removed and the waste (feces) is stored in the rectum. It can then be passed out of the body through the anus. The main stages of food processing: A. Ingestion – the demonstration of eating or taking care of; this is combined with the mechanical breakdown of food into smaller pieces considering a more prominent surface region for synthetic processing. The main stages of food processing: B. Digestion – breakdown of food into particles, at that point into nutrient molecules sufficiently little to be Chemical processing by enzymes includes breaking of synthetic bonds through the expansion of water, i.e., enzymatic hydrolysis. The main stages of food processing: C. Absorption – entry of processed supplements and liquid across the cylinder divider and into the body liquids; the cells take up (ingest) little particles like amino acids and simple sugars. D. Elimination – ejection of the undigested and unabsorbed materials from the end of the gut. In plants, they prepare their own food, in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll using carbon dioxide from the air, by a process called photosynthesis. Mode of Nutrition in Plant Autotrophic Nutrition - auto means ‘’self’’ and trophos means ‘’nourishment’’. Plants are called autotrophs because they make their food themselves. The making of food for themselves is called the autotrophic nutrition. Xylem transports and stores water and water-soluble nutrients in vascular plants while phloem is responsible for transporting sugars, proteins, and other organic molecules in plants.