Animal Physiology - Chapter 6 EXO AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PDF

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES CHAPTER 6. EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 1  CONTENT 6.1. Exocrine system 6.2. Endocrine system 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 2 ...

TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES CHAPTER 6. EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 1  CONTENT 6.1. Exocrine system 6.2. Endocrine system 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 2  6.1. Exocrine system - Characteristics - Examples 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 3  6.2. Endocrine system - Characteristics - Hormone 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 4  Hormone classification (a) Steroid: made up of lipids basically derived from cholesterol. e.g. Testosterone, Estrogen, Proges­terone ,etc (b) Amino acid derivatives: made up of amines. Amine hor­mone is derivative of the amino acid tyrosine. e.g. T3, T4, epinephrine, norepineph­rine. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 5 (c) Peptide hormones: made up of few amino acid resi­dues only and present as simple lin­ear chain. e.g. Oxytocin and vasopressin both consist of 9- amino acid residues only. (d) Protein hormones: e.g. Insulin, glucagon, STH, etc. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 6 (e) Glycoprotein hormones: conjugated protein with carbohydrate groups such as mannose, galactose, etc. e.g. LH, FSH, TSH etc. (f) Eicosanoids hormones: small fatty acid derivatives with a variety of arachidonic acid. e.g. Prostaglandins. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 7 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 8  How do Steroid hormones work?  Conclusion 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 9  How do peptide hormones work?  Conclusion 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 10  a. Pineal gland 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 11 - Melatonin hormone - Function 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 12  b. Hypothalamus 1. GnRH ( Gonadotropin releasing hormone): releasing LH/FSH 2. GHRH(GH releasing hormone) 3. GHIH (GH inhibiting hormone) 4. PRH (prolactin releasing hormone) 5. PIH ( prolactin inhibiting hormone) 6. TRH ( Thyrotropin releasing hormone): TRH – Prolactin. TRH – TSH – Thyroid hormones T3, T4; 7. CRH ( Corticotropin releasing hormone) : CRH – ACTH - Cortisol 8. ADH ( Anti – diuretic hormone) 9. OXYTOCIN 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 13 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 14  c. Pituitary gland 1. LH ( Luteinizing hormone) 2. FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) 3. GH ( Growth hormone) 4. PROLACTIN 5. TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) 6. ACTH ( Adrenocorticotropic hormone) 7. MSH (Melanocyte stimulating hormone) 8. ADH 9. OXYTOCIN 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 15 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 16 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 17  Oxytocin - For men, oxytocin function is less important, but it does have a role to play in moving sperm. - For women:  Promoting lactation by moving the milk into the breast.  Signaling contractions of the womb during labor.  Increasing the production of prostaglandins, which move labor along and increases the contractions even more. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 18  d. Thyroid gland 1. T3 ( 20%) 2. T4 ( 80%) 3. Calcitonin 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 19 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 20 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 21  T3 and T4 T3,T4 help maintain:  the body’s metabolic rate  heart and digestive functions  brain development  muscle control, and bones maintenance 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 22 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 23 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 24  Activity control 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 25 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 26  Complications +Iodine deficiency  decrease T3, T4 production  decrease negative feedback to Pituitary gland  TSH keeps stimulating  enlarge Thyroid gland. +Thyroid gland disorder decrease T3, T4.  Hypothyroidism 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 27 +Basedow disease:  occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone  Hyperthyroidism 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 28  Calcitonin - Reduce blood Calcium level. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 29  e. Parathyroid gland - Parathyroid hormone. - Function: increase blood Calcium level. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 30 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 31  f. Thymus - Thymosin hormone:  stimulates the development of precursor T cells in the thymus to mature T cells. - Active from childhood to puberty. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 32 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 33  g. Adrenal gland 1. Cortisol – steroid, stress hormone 2. Aldosterone– stabilize blood pressure 3. Androgen 4. Epinephrin ( Adrenalin) 5. Norepinephrin ( Noradrenalin) 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 34 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 35  + Cortisol - Most cells within the body have cortisol receptors. - Cortisol secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal gland. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 36 Cortisol functions:  body respond to stress or danger  increase body’s metabolism of glucose  control your blood pressure  reduce inflammation.  needed for natural threat response. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 37  Complications + Cushing syndrome: too much Cortisol weight gain, particularly around the abdomen and face thin and fragile skin that is slow to heal acne for women, facial hair and irregular menstrual periods. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 38 + Addison disease: not enough cortisol  continual tiredness  nausea and vomiting  weight loss  muscle weakness  pain in the abdomen. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 39  + Aldosterone - Steroid hormone - A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.  act on the distal tubules and collecting ducts 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 40  + Androgen - Steroid hormone. - Androgens are a group of hormones that play a role in male traits and reproductive activity. - Present in both males and females - The principle androgens are testosterone and androstenedione. Androgens may be called "male hormones”. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 41  + Adrenalin (Epinephrine) - Affect the heart, lungs, muscles, and blood vessels. - Its release into the bloodstream brings about several physiological changes:  increased heart rate and blood flow  faster breathing  raised blood sugar levels  increased strength and physical performance 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 42  + Noreadrenalin/Norepinephrine  promotes vasoconstriction, which is a narrowing of the blood vessels, and this increases blood pressure.  also increases the heart rate and blood sugar levels. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 43  Adrenalin vs noradrenalin Besides the characteristics and functions above: - They act as both neurotransmitters and hormones. - Both of these substances play a role in the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system. - Both are released in response to stress and other imbalances in the body, such as low blood pressure. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 44  h. Pancreatic gland 1. Insulin 2. Glucagon 3. Somatostatin 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 45 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 46  Conclusion 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 47  + Insulin - Function - How does it work? 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 48  + Glucagon - Function - How does it work? 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 49 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 50  Conclusion 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 51  + Somatostatin  also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) of hypothalamus.  inhibit insulin/glucagon secretion. 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 52  Complication  Type 1 diabetes  Type 2 diabetes  Gestational diabetes (diabetes while pregnant). 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 53  i. Gonad glands - Ovary  Estrogen  Progesterone - Testis  Testosterone 21/12/2024 603087-Chapter 6 54