Chapter 6: Exocrine and Endocrine System
29 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is one role of both adrenalin and noradrenalin?

  • They act solely as hormones.
  • They increase insulin production.
  • They are released during sleep.
  • They play a role in regulating the sympathetic nervous system. (correct)

Which hormone is known to inhibit insulin and glucagon secretion?

  • Glucagon
  • Estrogen
  • Somatostatin (correct)
  • Insulin

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by which of the following?

  • High estrogen levels
  • Insulin resistance
  • Excess glucagon secretion
  • Insufficient insulin production (correct)

Which hormone is produced by the gonad glands in males?

<p>Testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of glucagon?

<p>It helps to increase blood glucose levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone is primarily made from cholesterol?

<p>Steroid hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is an example of a peptide hormone?

<p>Oxytocin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland?

<p>Melatonin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone is derived from amino acid tyrosine?

<p>Amino acid derivatives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary function of cortisol in the body?

<p>Increases metabolism of glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the production of LH and FSH?

<p>GnRH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hormone cortisol?

<p>Contributes to stress response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by an excess of cortisol?

<p>Cushing syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of peptide hormones?

<p>Derived from cholesterol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is essential for regulating electrolyte balance by affecting renal retention of sodium?

<p>Aldosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect does norepinephrine have on blood vessels?

<p>Vasoconstriction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland produces both releasing and inhibiting hormones?

<p>Hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Addison disease?

<p>Thin fragile skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of androgens in the body?

<p>Promote male traits and reproductive activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in increasing both heart rate and blood sugar levels during stress?

<p>Adrenalin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Cushing syndrome?

<p>Acne (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxytocin primarily play in women during childbirth?

<p>Promotes lactation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of T3 and T4 hormones in the body?

<p>Maintain metabolic rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might occur as a result of iodine deficiency?

<p>Enlarged thyroid gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may arise if the thyroid gland produces excessive hormones?

<p>Hyperthyroidism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?

<p>Reduce blood calcium level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of thymosin hormone in the body?

<p>Stimulates development of T cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is referred to as the 'stress hormone'?

<p>Cortisol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that regulate various bodily functions.

Steroid hormones

A type of hormone derived from cholesterol, responsible for regulating functions like sexual development and metabolism.

Amino acid derivative hormones

Hormones synthesized from amino acids, often playing a role in stress response and mood regulation.

Peptide hormones

Hormones composed of short chains of amino acids, involved in various physiological processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Protein hormones

A group of hormones made up of protein chains, affecting diverse functions like growth and metabolism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glycoprotein hormones

Hormones with a carbohydrate component attached, crucial for reproductive processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eicosanoids hormones

Hormones derived from fatty acids synthesized in various tissues, playing a role in diverse functions like pain and inflammation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Melatonin

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland, primarily influencing sleep-wake cycles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).

Signup and view all the flashcards

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, a stress hormone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone)

A hormone that plays a role in stimulating the production of melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

A hormone that helps regulate water balance in the body by increasing the reabsorption of water from the kidneys.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Oxytocin

A hormone that plays a key role in childbirth and breastfeeding. It stimulates uterine contractions and milk release.

Signup and view all the flashcards

T3 (Triiodothyronine)

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature.

Signup and view all the flashcards

T4 (Thyroxine)

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Calcitonin

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the roles of adrenaline and noradrenaline?

Adrenaline and noradrenaline are chemical messengers that act as both neurotransmitters and hormones, playing a key role in the sympathetic nervous system's regulation. They are released in response to stress or imbalances such as low blood pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the function of insulin?

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells and glycogen synthesis in the liver.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the function of glucagon?

Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver and glucose release into the bloodstream.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the function of somatostatin?

Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and pancreas that inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the main hormones produced by the gonads?

Estrogen and progesterone are female sex hormones produced by the ovaries. Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone produced by the testes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aldosterone

A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the retention of sodium and excretion of potassium. It acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Androgen

It is a group of hormones that play a role in male traits and reproductive activity. Found in both males and females. Testosterone and androstenedione are key androgens. They may be called "male hormones".

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adrenalin (Epinephrine)

This hormone is released by the adrenal medulla and affects the heart, lungs, muscles, and blood vessels. It increases heart rate, breathing, blood sugar, and strength, preparing the body for "fight or flight" situations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cortisol

A hormone involved in the stress response. It helps the body regulate metabolism, blood pressure, and inflammation. Cortisol is needed for natural threat responses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cushing Syndrome

Too much Cortisol. It leads to weight gain, thin skin, acne, and irregular menstruation in women.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Addison Disease

Not enough Cortisol. It causes tiredness, nausea, weight loss, muscle weakness, and abdominal pain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Norepinephrine/Noreadrenalin

A hormone that promotes vasoconstriction, narrowing blood vessels, and increasing blood pressure. It also increases heart rate and blood sugar levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Chapter 6: Exocrine and Endocrine System

  • This chapter covers the exocrine and endocrine systems.
  • It discusses characteristics and examples of different hormone types.
  • It also describes how different hormones work.
  • Finally, it details the complications associated with these systems.

6.1 Exocrine System

  • Characteristics: The exocrine system involves glands that secrete substances through ducts.
  • Examples: Examples are provided in the slides (but not listed here due to inability to extract content).

6.2 Endocrine System

  • Characteristics: The endocrine system involves glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
  • Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells or tissues to communicate information.

Hormone Classification

  • (a) Steroid Hormones: These hormones are derived from cholesterol, including testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.
  • (b) Amino Acid Derivatives: Amine hormones derive from tyrosine, such as T3, T4, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
  • (c) Peptide Hormones: These hormones consist of a few amino acid chains, like oxytocin and vasopressin.
  • (d) Protein Hormones: These hormones are large protein structures, such as insulin, glucagon, and STH (Somatotropin).
  • (e) Glycoprotein Hormones: These hormones are proteins conjugated with carbohydrates, like LH, FSH, and TSH.
  • (f) Eicosanoids: Derived from arachidonic acid, including prostaglandins.

The Endocrine System

  • Different glands are part of the endocrine system.
  • The glands, anatomical locations and hormones are described. Examples of these glands include the pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal and gonads glands.

How Steroid Hormones Work

  • Steroid hormones enter cells and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
  • This complex binds to DNA, which then influences gene transcription and thus protein synthesis.

How Peptide Hormones Work

  • Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface.
  • This binding triggers a cascade of intracellular reactions.
  • The end result of the cascade leads to changes in cell activity.

Pineal Gland

  • Hormone: Melatonin.
  • Function: Plays a role in regulating sleep patterns.

Hypothalamus

  • Hormones: Multiple hormones regulating other endocrine glands. Detailed list of hypothalamic hormones are given in page 13.

Pituitary Gland

  • Hormones: List of pituitary hormones (LH, FSH, GH, Prolactin, TSH, ACTH, MSH, ADH, Oxytocin).

Thyroid Gland

  • Hormones: T3 (20%), T4 (80%), and Calcitonin
  • Function of T3 and T4: Control body metabolism, heart and digestive functions, brain development, muscle control, bone maintenance.
  • Thyroid Hormones: A feedback loop regulates the amount of T3 and T4. Details of the loop and relevant hormones are given in the slides.

Complications

  • Thyroid problems like hypothyroidism (iodine deficiency, underactive thyroid), and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can cause various health issues.
  • Additional complications, such as Cushing's syndrome (high cortisol) and Addison's disease (low cortisol), affect the adrenal glands. Details are given in corresponding pages.

Parathyroid Gland

  • Hormone: Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
  • Function: Regulates calcium levels in the blood.

Thymus Gland

  • Hormone: Thymosin.
  • Function: Involved in developing the immune response.

Adrenal Gland

  • Hormones: Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine.
  • Functions: Cortisol for stress response, blood pressure stabilization, and sexual development. Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause a "fight-or-flight" stress response.

Pancreatic Gland

  • Hormones: Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin.

  • Insulin: Regulates blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake.

  • Glucagon: Regulates blood sugar levels by increasing glucose levels.

  • Somatostatin: Inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon.

Gonad Glands (Ovary and Testis)

  • Hormones: Estrogen (ovary), progesterone (ovary), and testosterone(testis)
  • Function: Regulate reproductive functions.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Animal Physiology - Chapter 6 EXO AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM PDF

Description

This quiz explores the exocrine and endocrine systems, detailing their characteristics and function. It covers various types of hormones, including steroid hormones and amino acid derivatives, along with complications related to these systems. Test your knowledge on hormonal communication and gland functions.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser