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Questions and Answers
What is one role of both adrenalin and noradrenalin?
What is one role of both adrenalin and noradrenalin?
Which hormone is known to inhibit insulin and glucagon secretion?
Which hormone is known to inhibit insulin and glucagon secretion?
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by which of the following?
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by which of the following?
Which hormone is produced by the gonad glands in males?
Which hormone is produced by the gonad glands in males?
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What is a common characteristic of glucagon?
What is a common characteristic of glucagon?
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Which type of hormone is primarily made from cholesterol?
Which type of hormone is primarily made from cholesterol?
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What hormone is an example of a peptide hormone?
What hormone is an example of a peptide hormone?
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Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland?
Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland?
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Which type of hormone is derived from amino acid tyrosine?
Which type of hormone is derived from amino acid tyrosine?
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What is one primary function of cortisol in the body?
What is one primary function of cortisol in the body?
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Which hormone is primarily released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the production of LH and FSH?
Which hormone is primarily released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the production of LH and FSH?
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What is the function of the hormone cortisol?
What is the function of the hormone cortisol?
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Which condition is characterized by an excess of cortisol?
Which condition is characterized by an excess of cortisol?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of peptide hormones?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of peptide hormones?
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Which hormone is essential for regulating electrolyte balance by affecting renal retention of sodium?
Which hormone is essential for regulating electrolyte balance by affecting renal retention of sodium?
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What physiological effect does norepinephrine have on blood vessels?
What physiological effect does norepinephrine have on blood vessels?
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Which gland produces both releasing and inhibiting hormones?
Which gland produces both releasing and inhibiting hormones?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Addison disease?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Addison disease?
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What is the main role of androgens in the body?
What is the main role of androgens in the body?
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Which hormone is involved in increasing both heart rate and blood sugar levels during stress?
Which hormone is involved in increasing both heart rate and blood sugar levels during stress?
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What is a common symptom of Cushing syndrome?
What is a common symptom of Cushing syndrome?
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What role does oxytocin primarily play in women during childbirth?
What role does oxytocin primarily play in women during childbirth?
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What is the primary function of T3 and T4 hormones in the body?
What is the primary function of T3 and T4 hormones in the body?
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What might occur as a result of iodine deficiency?
What might occur as a result of iodine deficiency?
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Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels?
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What condition may arise if the thyroid gland produces excessive hormones?
What condition may arise if the thyroid gland produces excessive hormones?
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What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
What is the primary function of calcitonin in the body?
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What is the main function of thymosin hormone in the body?
What is the main function of thymosin hormone in the body?
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Which hormone is referred to as the 'stress hormone'?
Which hormone is referred to as the 'stress hormone'?
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Study Notes
Chapter 6: Exocrine and Endocrine System
- This chapter covers the exocrine and endocrine systems.
- It discusses characteristics and examples of different hormone types.
- It also describes how different hormones work.
- Finally, it details the complications associated with these systems.
6.1 Exocrine System
- Characteristics: The exocrine system involves glands that secrete substances through ducts.
- Examples: Examples are provided in the slides (but not listed here due to inability to extract content).
6.2 Endocrine System
- Characteristics: The endocrine system involves glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
- Hormones: Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells or tissues to communicate information.
Hormone Classification
- (a) Steroid Hormones: These hormones are derived from cholesterol, including testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.
- (b) Amino Acid Derivatives: Amine hormones derive from tyrosine, such as T3, T4, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
- (c) Peptide Hormones: These hormones consist of a few amino acid chains, like oxytocin and vasopressin.
- (d) Protein Hormones: These hormones are large protein structures, such as insulin, glucagon, and STH (Somatotropin).
- (e) Glycoprotein Hormones: These hormones are proteins conjugated with carbohydrates, like LH, FSH, and TSH.
- (f) Eicosanoids: Derived from arachidonic acid, including prostaglandins.
The Endocrine System
- Different glands are part of the endocrine system.
- The glands, anatomical locations and hormones are described. Examples of these glands include the pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal and gonads glands.
How Steroid Hormones Work
- Steroid hormones enter cells and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
- This complex binds to DNA, which then influences gene transcription and thus protein synthesis.
How Peptide Hormones Work
- Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface.
- This binding triggers a cascade of intracellular reactions.
- The end result of the cascade leads to changes in cell activity.
Pineal Gland
- Hormone: Melatonin.
- Function: Plays a role in regulating sleep patterns.
Hypothalamus
- Hormones: Multiple hormones regulating other endocrine glands. Detailed list of hypothalamic hormones are given in page 13.
Pituitary Gland
- Hormones: List of pituitary hormones (LH, FSH, GH, Prolactin, TSH, ACTH, MSH, ADH, Oxytocin).
Thyroid Gland
- Hormones: T3 (20%), T4 (80%), and Calcitonin
- Function of T3 and T4: Control body metabolism, heart and digestive functions, brain development, muscle control, bone maintenance.
- Thyroid Hormones: A feedback loop regulates the amount of T3 and T4. Details of the loop and relevant hormones are given in the slides.
Complications
- Thyroid problems like hypothyroidism (iodine deficiency, underactive thyroid), and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can cause various health issues.
- Additional complications, such as Cushing's syndrome (high cortisol) and Addison's disease (low cortisol), affect the adrenal glands. Details are given in corresponding pages.
Parathyroid Gland
- Hormone: Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
- Function: Regulates calcium levels in the blood.
Thymus Gland
- Hormone: Thymosin.
- Function: Involved in developing the immune response.
Adrenal Gland
- Hormones: Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine.
- Functions: Cortisol for stress response, blood pressure stabilization, and sexual development. Epinephrine and norepinephrine cause a "fight-or-flight" stress response.
Pancreatic Gland
-
Hormones: Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin.
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Insulin: Regulates blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake.
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Glucagon: Regulates blood sugar levels by increasing glucose levels.
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Somatostatin: Inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon.
Gonad Glands (Ovary and Testis)
- Hormones: Estrogen (ovary), progesterone (ovary), and testosterone(testis)
- Function: Regulate reproductive functions.
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Description
This quiz explores the exocrine and endocrine systems, detailing their characteristics and function. It covers various types of hormones, including steroid hormones and amino acid derivatives, along with complications related to these systems. Test your knowledge on hormonal communication and gland functions.
