Endocrine and Nervous Systems PDF

Concept 32.2: The Endocrine and Nervous Systems Act Individually and Together in Regulating Animal Physiology (내분비계와 신경계는 따로 또는 협동하여 동물의 생리현상을 조절한다) • For an animal’s tissues and organ systems to perform their specialized functions correctly, they must act in concert wit...

Concept 32.2: The Endocrine and Nervous Systems Act Individually and Together in Regulating Animal Physiology (내분비계와 신경계는 따로 또는 협동하여 동물의 생리현상을 조절한다) • For an animal’s tissues and organ systems to perform their specialized functions correctly, they must act in concert with one another (동물의 조직과 장기 시스템이 특수 기능을 올바르게 수행하려면 서로 협력하여 작용해야 한다) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved An Overview of Coordination and Control (조율과 조절의 개요) • Animals have two major systems for coordinating and controlling responses to stimuli (동물은 자극에 대한 반응을 조정하고 제어하는 두 가지 주요 시스템을 가지고 있다) • In the endocrine system (내분비계), signaling molecules released into the bloodstream by endocrine cells reach all locations in the body (내분비계에서 내분비 세포가 혈류로 방출하는 신호 분자는 신체의 모든 부위에 도달한다) • In the nervous system (신경계), neurons transmit signals along dedicated routes, connecting specific locations in the body (신경계에서 뉴런은 전용 경로를 따라 신호를 전송하여 신체의 특정 위치를 연결한다) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved An Overview of Coordination and Control (조율과 조절의 개요) • Signaling molecules broadcast throughout the body by the endocrine system are called hormones (호르몬) (내분비 계에 의해 몸 전체에 전달되는 신호 분자를 호르몬이라고 한다) • The endocrine system (내분비계) is well adapted for coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body (내분비계는 몸 전체에 영향을 미치는 점진적인 변화를 조정하는 데 잘 적응한다) • In the nervous system (신경계), signals called nerve impulses travel along communication lines consisting mainly of axons (신경계에서 신경 자극이라고 하는 신호는 주로 축삭돌기로 구성된 통신선을 따라 이동한다) • The nervous system is well suited for directing immediate and rapid responses to the environment (신경계는 환경에 즉각적이고 신속하게 대응하는 데 매우 적합) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved Introduction: Principles of Endocrinology • Chemical classes of hormones – Peptide (펩티드) and protein (프로틴) hormones Chains of amino acids Hydrophilic Example: Insulin – Amines (아민) Derived from tyrosine (타이로신 아미노산) Catecholamines (카텔콜아민-부신수질) (e.g. epinephrine) are hydrophilic Thyroid hormones (e.g. thyroxine) are lipophilic – Steroids (스테로이드) Derived from cholesterol (콜레스테롤에서 유래) Lipophilic Examples: Testosterone and estradiol (성호르몬) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved Introduction: Principles of Endocrinology • Hormone synthesis and secretion – Peptide hormones (펩티드 호르몬) Synthesized as large precursor proteins (전구단백질), preprohormones (전전구호르몬) Portions are cleaved and peptide hormone is packaged into secretory vesicles (분비소낭) Released from cell by exocytosis (세포외 배출) – Steroid hormones (스테로이드 호르몬) Cholesterol (콜레스테롤) is synthesized or obtained from diet Chemically modified by a series of enzymatic reactions Once synthesized, steroid hormones immediately diffuse across the plasma membrane Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved