6.0 CHAPTER 6 - NETWORK COMMUNICATION 2023.pdf

Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Overview Communication Systems Part 1 : Communications Connectivity Channels Terminologies Part 2: Network Types of network System Software Network strategies Part 3: Careers in IT Part 4: Trends in Network 2 Learning Objectives System Software 1. Explain connect...

Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Overview Communication Systems Part 1 : Communications Connectivity Channels Terminologies Part 2: Network Types of network System Software Network strategies Part 3: Careers in IT Part 4: Trends in Network 2 Learning Objectives System Software 1. Explain connectivity, the wireless revolution, and communication systems. 2. Describe physical and wireless communications channels. 3. Differentiate between connection devices and services, including dial-up, DSL, cable, satellite, and cellular. 4. Describe data transmission factors, including bandwidth and protocols. 5. Define networks and key network terminology including network interface cards and network operating systems. 6. Describe different types of networks, including local, home, wireless, personal, metropolitan, and wide area networks. 7. Describe network architectures, including topologies and strategies. 8. Explain the organization issues related to Internet technologies and network security. 9. Explain related careers in IT networking. 10.Explain trends in computer networking. System Software 4 Introduction System Software  We live in a truly connected society.  Increased connectivity potentially means increased productivity, especially in business.  You will learn more about the concept of connectivity and the impact of the wireless revolution in this chapter. Communications  Computer communications is the process of System Software sharing data, programs, and information between two or more computers  Numerous applications depend on communication systems, including     E-mail Texting Video Conferencing Electronic commerce Connectivity  Connectivity uses computer networks to link people and resources  Connects your personal computer to other computers and resources on a network and the Internet  The Wireless Revolution System Software  Single most dramatic change in connectivity in the past decade  Allows connectivity with anyone from almost anywhere at any time The Revolution is just beginning Communication Systems System Software Electronic systems that transmit data from one location to another Basic Elements of Communication  Four basic elements of communication systems  Sending and receiving devices  Computer or a specialized communication device  Connection devices  Interface between sending and receiving device System Software  Data transmission specifications  Rules and procedures that coordinate the devices  Communication channel  Carries the message Communication Channels  Communication channels carry the data from one computer to another; essential element of every communication system  Two categories of communication channels System Software  Physical Connections using wire or cable  Wireless Connections Physical Connections Physical connection between sending and receiving device include  Twisted pair cable: two pairs of copper wire twisted together  Telephone lines  Ethernet cables  Coaxial cable: single solid copper core System Software  Cable TV  Fiber-optic cable: tiny glass tubes  Faster and more reliable than coax  Rapidly twisted pair Wireless Connections System Software Wireless connections do not use a solid substance to connect; uses the air itself. Most use radio waves to communicate Primary Wireless Technology  Bluetooth (short-range)  Radio communication standard  Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)  Uses high frequency radio  Microwave  Uses high frequency radio wave signals  WiMax (extends Wi-Fi)  New standard that uses microwave to extend WiFi range  Cellular  Use multiple antennae to communication System Software  Satellite  Uses satellites as microwave relay stations  Infrared  Use infrared light wants to communication over short distances  GPS  Determine geographic location of the devices Connection Devices Devices need to convert digital signal to analog  Modem – modulator-demodulator  Modulation is the process of converting from digital System Software to analog  Demodulation is the process of converting from analog to digital  Transfer rate  Speed in which modems transfer data  Usually measured in megabits per second (Mbps) Types of Modems  Types of Modems  Digital subscriber line (DSL)  High speed telephone lines  Cable  Uses coaxial cable System Software  Wireless  Also known as WWAN Connection Device Signals  Types of signals  Analog  Digital System Software  Transfer rates  Mbps – million bits per second  Gbps – billion bits per second  Tbps – trillion bits per second Connection Services - Corporations  Leased lines  T1 combined to form T3 and DS3  Have been replaced by OC lines  Faster optical carrier lines  Higher capacity System Software  Not affordable for individuals Connection Services - Individuals  Digital subscriber line (DSL)  Uses phone lines  ADSL is most widely used type of DSL  Cable  Uses existing TV cable  Faster than DSL  Satellite connection services System Software  Use almost anywhere  Slower than DSL and cable modem  Cellular Services  3G, 4G and 5G cellular network connectivity  Fiber Optic Service (FiOS)  New technology  Google and Verizon Data Transmission Factors that affect data transmission  Bandwidth is how much information can move across the communication channel in a given amount of time  Measurement of the width or capacity of the communication System Software channel  Categories of bandwidth  Voiceband (or low bandwidth) – standard telephone  Medium band – leased lines for high-speed  Mid-range computer and mainframes  Broadband for DSL, cable, satellite connections to the Internet  Baseband for individual connections for computers in close range Making IT Work for You ~ Mobile Office  Have an “always-on” connection to access email, websites, cloud services, and apps.  Devices that can keep you always connected  Mobile Hotspot Device  Personal Hotspot  Public Wi-Fi System Software  Devices that can keep you always like home  Cloud Storage  Video conferencing Protocols Communication rules for exchanging data between computers  HTTPS – Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure System Software  Widely used to protect the transfer of sensitive data TCP/IP  TCP/IP (Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol) System Software  Most widely used protocol  Each computer is identified with unique IP (Internet Protocol) address  DNS – Domain name service resolves IP addresses to names  Packetization – information broken down into small parts (packets) and then reassembled System Software 23 Networks System Software A communication system that connects two or more computers so they can exchange information and share resources Specialized Terms in a Network  Nodes  Any device connected to a network  Client  A node that requests and uses resources from other nodes  Server  A node that shares resources with other nodes  Directory Server  Specialized server that managers resources  Host  Computer system that can be accessed over a network  Router System Software  Node that forwards or routes data packets  Switch  Central node that coordinates the flow of data  Network Interface Cards (NIC)  Expansion card that connects a computer to a network  Network Operating System  Control activities of all computers on the network  Network Administrator  Computer specialists responsible for network operations System Software Network Types Network Architecture How the network is arranged and resources are shared  Network Topology  Physical arrangement of the network System Software  Network Strategy  How the information and resources are shared Bus Network  Topology where each device connected to a System Software common cable called a bus or backbone Ring Network  Topology where each device connected System Software directly to a central network switch Ring Network  Topology where each device connected System Software directly to a central network switch Star Network  Topology where each device connected System Software directly to a central network switch Tree Network  Topology where each device connected to a System Software central node either directly or through subordinate nodes  Also called hierarchical Mesh Network System Software  Topology that does not use a specific physical layout, but requires that each node have more than one connection to other nodes  Wireless technologies are frequently used Network Strategies  Client/Server Network  Central computers coordinate and supply services to other nodes on the network  Server provides access System Software  Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network  All nodes have equal authority  Can act as both client and server Organizational Networks Internet technologies support effective communication within and between organizations  Intranet  Private network within an organization  Works like the Internet System Software  Extranet  Private network that connects more than one organization  Works like the Internet, but provides suppliers and other trusted partners with limited access to the organization’s networks Network Security Commonly used technologies to ensure network security  Firewall  Hardware and software that controls access to network  Proxy server provides pass-through access  Protects against external threats  Intrusion detection system (IDS) System Software  Works with firewall to protect organization's network  Analyzes all incoming and outgoing network traffic  Virtual private network (VPN)  Creates a secure private network connection between your computer and the organization See the graphic on the next slide demonstrating network security System Software Intranet, Extranet, Firewall, Proxy Server System Software 38 Careers In Network  Network Administrator  Manages a company’s LAN and WAN  System Software    networks Maintains networking hardware and software, diagnosing and repairing problems that arise Candidates usually have a bachelor’s or associate’s degree in computer science, computer technology or information systems Practical networking experience Annual salary is typically between $47,000 and $64,000 System Software Careers In Network (LinkedIn) System Software Careers In Network (LinkedIn) System Software 42 Trends in Network Technologies System Software AI & ML 5G & WI-FI 6 AR & VR IOT CLOUD COMPUTING DATA SECURITY DEVOPS DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 43 5G and Wi Fi 6 Technology  5G or fifth generation cellular technology.  Characteristics:  increased speed, reduced latency and improve flexibility in wireless services.  Helps organizations to mobilize workforces, extend automation, supporting new applications with increased network capacity and high data rates.  Solve the issue of many wireless devices connected at once. System Software  Wi Fi 6  Infrastructure.  Computers and mobile phones manufacturers need to adopt new standards. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)  Addressed complex network and business problems in real time.  ML  Make predictions based on network data.  AI  Can take intelligent actions based on those prophecies. System Software  Advanced analytics into automation systems will bring in selfoperating networks. Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality  Technologies empower the applications and customer System Software experiences.  Mainly used on smartphone and tablets.  E.g. to present interior design, allowing shopkeepers to have virtual presentation of furniture. Cloud Computing  Allows faster transition to remote work.  Help to organize remote workplace more efficiently.  Contributed to business continuity during any crisis.  Maintaining consistent network and security policies across System Software multiple clouds using multi cloud policy management. DevOps  Tied up to software development and IT.  Improve relationship between network service designers and System Software engineers to make operational changes to the services. Digital Transformation  Enables adoption of digital technology to transform services or System Software businesses.  Replacing on digital or manual processes with digital processes.  E.g. digital forms that are processed, stored, and transmitted via digital devices and networks. Internet of Things (IoT)  Connecting the unconnected.  Capable to communicate and connect with other devices and System Software people. Data Security  Usability and integrity of network is crucial to security.  Effective network security manages network access effectively System Software and stops a variety of threats entering or spreading within the network