Introduction to Social Psychology PDF

Introduction to Social Psychology Lesson 11  explain how the different social Lesson factors may influence behavior; describe how attitudes can be Objectives influenced through persuasion;...

Introduction to Social Psychology Lesson 11  explain how the different social Lesson factors may influence behavior; describe how attitudes can be Objectives influenced through persuasion; and Social Psychology relate experiences through the terminologies used in social psychology. Social Psychology focuses on attitudes, persuasion, self-understanding, and almost all our everyday behaviors with others. Social Psychology It also focuses on how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior influence and are influenced by social groups. Interactions with others also influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors whether directly or indirectly. People can influence others to follow along with their actions, to agree on things, and become obedient to authorities. Social Psychology & Sociology The Difference Between Sociology and Social Psychology Sociology sociology is the scientific study and evaluation of society. sociology examines the behavior of groups of people. Social Psychology is the study of how people are shaped and affected by their social environments. Social psychologists focus on how individuals cope with society, while sociologists are more interested in understanding the behavior of groups of people. So what topics do social psychologists are interested in?  ➔ Conformity ➔ Group Behaviors ➔ Persuasion and Compliance Topics of Interest ➔ Obedience to Authority ➔ Social Perceptions In Social Psychology ➔ Establishing Relationships ➔ Altruistic Behavior ➔ Aggression and Violence Group Behaviors Group Behaviors Social influence is greatly observed in the behaviors of the individual in the context of a group setting. Conformity is one aspect of group behavior, there are others as well: Group Behaviors Group Think occurs when people within a group feel it is more important to maintain the group’s cohesiveness than to consider the facts realistically. If no one stands against the group decisions and assumptions.. Why do people fall into groupthink? People feeling that as a collective a group can do no wrong is morally correct and will always succeed. People often hold stereotyped thinking to members who hold opposing views as having worthless opinions. ○ In-Group - tendency to like ○ Out-Group - tendency to dislike Group Behaviors Group Polarization the tendency for members involved in a group discussion to take somewhat more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions when compared to individuals who have not participated in a group discussion. Group Behaviors Social Facilitation the presence of others has a positive effect on the performance of the individual. On the other hand, a negative influence may lead to social impairment. Social Loafing lazy people tend not to do as well when other people are also working on the same task, but they can do quite well when working on their own. Group Behaviors Deindividuation the lessening of their sense of identity and personal responsibility. Conformity Conformity denotes changing one’s behavior to closely match other’s behaviors. Social experiments have demonstrated the power of conforming to the group. Conformity denotes changing one’s behavior to closely match other’s behaviors. Social experiments have demonstrated the power of conforming to the group. Asch (1951) Social Experiment To determine which line on the second card was almost like the line on the first card. The confederates are tasked to start picking the same incorrect line from the comparison line. It was thought that the real participant having seen others pick the wrong answer would conform to the group's answer. Asch (1951) Social Experiment To determine which line on the second card was almost like the line on the first card. The confederates are tasked to start picking the same incorrect line from the comparison line. It was thought that the real participant having seen others pick the wrong answer would conform to the group's answer. Asch (1951) Social Experiment To determine which line on the second card was almost like the line on the first card. The confederates are tasked to start picking the same incorrect line from the comparison line. It was thought that the real participant having seen others pick the wrong answer would conform to the group's answer. Why do people need to conform to others? To act in ways to be liked and accepted by others (Normative Influence) or in other words Pakisamahan take in cues in the environment of how people behave in a particularly ambiguous situation (Informational Social Influence) Persuasion and Compliance Persuasion and Compliance People will attempt to change your attitudes over certain topics, objects, and even products. A branch in psychology called consumer psychology is devoted to figuring out how to get people to buy things that someone is selling. Persuasion and Compliance People will attempt to change your attitudes over certain topics, objects, and even products. A branch in psychology called consumer psychology is devoted to figuring out how to get people to buy things that someone is selling. The following are some persuasion techniques Liking and Similarity people are more successful at persuading you if you like them or see them as like yourself. Reciprocation if you do me a favor, then I owe you one. The following are some persuasion techniques Liking and Similarity people are more successful at persuading you if you like them or see them as like yourself. Reciprocation if you do me a favor, then I owe you one. The following are some persuasion techniques Contrast Effect an offer can seem good or bad, depending on how it compares to something else. Foot in the Door someone starts with a modest request, which you accept, and follows with a larger request. The following are some persuasion techniques Door-in-the-face the larger request comes first, which is usually refused. This is followed by a second smaller and more reasonable request that often gets compliance. Bait-and-switch technique offers an extremely favorable deal, gets the other person to commit to the deal, and then makes additional demands. The following are some persuasion techniques That’s-not-all technique someone makes an offer and then improves the offer before you have a chance to reply.  What are some persuasive techniques do you tend to use? Obedience to Authority Obedience to Authority Occurs when one changes his or her behaviors at the direct order of an authority figure. A person with social power has a direct influence on the people under them. Milgram (1963, 1974) Experiment How do social perceptions affect behavior? Social Perception and Cognition - are the processes for learning about others and making inferences from that information. ○ How we act with others depends on the information we have about them. - Social perception and cognition influence our observations, memory, and thinking. Attitude the tendency to respond positively or negatively towards an idea, person, object, or situation. Such tendency grows out from experience as they live and work with others. Attitudes also influence the way we behave before even exposed to them. Components in the attitude Affective Component the way a person feels toward the object, person, or situation. Behavior Component an action that a person takes regarding the person, object, or situation. Cognitive Component the way a person thinks about himself or herself, an object, or a situation. Components in the attitude Affective Component the way a person feels toward the object, person, or situation. Behavior Component an action that a person takes regarding the person, object, or situation. Cognitive Component the way a person thinks about himself or herself, an object, or a situation. Components in the attitude Affective Component the way a person feels toward the object, person, or situation. Behavior Component an action that a person takes regarding the person, object, or situation. Cognitive Component the way a person thinks about himself or herself, an object, or a situation. Cognitive Dissonance a sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to that person’s attitudes. What people may say may not match their idea of being what they claim to be. Impression Formation the forming of the first knowledge that a person has concerning another person. These are the initial evaluations we make when we meet another person for the first time. It includes assigning the person to a category that leads to conclusions of what the person is likely to be. Impression Formation The primacy effect is the first information we would learn about someone which in turn influences us more than the latter information. Think of first impressions, do they last according to your experience? Sometimes we do make accurate first impressions. Impression Formation The primacy effect is the first information we would learn about someone which in turn influences us more than the latter information. Think of first impressions, do they last according to your experience? Sometimes we do make accurate first impressions. Sometimes not. Impression Formation Primacy Effect Sometimes even our first impressions may become self-fulfilling prophecies at which our first impressions change how we act and may influence the person to live up to one’s expectations. Impression Formation Stereotypes vs Prejudice Stereotypes are a belief or expectation about a group of people, often stereotypes may be erroneous. Prejudice on the other hand is having an unfavorable attitude towards a group of people which leads to discrimination or unequal treatment between groups. Impression Formation Stereotypes vs Prejudice Stereotypes are a belief or expectation about a group of people, often stereotypes may be erroneous. Prejudice on the other hand is having an unfavorable attitude towards a group of people which leads to discrimination or unequal treatment between groups. Impression Formation The best way in countering the experience of prejudice is to have direct contact with other groups and to mingle with them as people rather than “outsiders”. Attribution can be defined as the set of thought processes we use to assign causes to our behavior and that of others. Internal attributions are explanations based on someone’s attitudes, personality traits, abilities, or other characteristics. External attributions are explanations based on the situation, including events that would influence almost anyone. Attribution can be defined as the set of thought processes we use to assign causes to our behavior and that of others. Internal attributions are explanations based on someone’s attitudes, personality traits, abilities, or other characteristics. External attributions are explanations based on the situation, including events that would influence almost anyone. Attribution can be defined as the set of thought processes we use to assign causes to our behavior and that of others. Internal attributions are explanations based on someone’s attitudes, personality traits, abilities, or other characteristics. External attributions are explanations based on the situation, including events that would influence almost anyone. Attribution Fundamental attribution error ○ you probably form a general impression of their character based on pieces of a situation, Self-serving biases ○ we attribute positive events and successes to our own character or actions but blame negative results to external factors Self-handicapping strategies ○ tendency to create obstacles to performing well. Establishing Relationships Establishing Relationships Proximity means closeness, we are most likely to become friends with people who live or work in proximity to us. Mere exposure effect, the principle that the more often we meet someone or something, the more we tend to like that person or object. ○ People look for intelligence, honesty, a sense of humor, and of course, physical attractiveness. Establishing Relationships Similarity - most romantic partners and close friends resemble each other in age, physical attractiveness, political and religious beliefs, intelligence, education, and attitudes. ○ The more they find in common with the other the more they become attracted to them. Reciprocity of liking – people will have a strong tendency to like other people who like them back.  Think of your beshies / friends Why did you chose to be with them? Altruistic Behavior Altruistic Behavior the act of helping others without a benefit to ourselves. Every species exhibited the act of helping their kin and devote energies to risk their lives to help their offspring and relatives. Why we help others? We deal with people all the time, thus in dealing we may understand the cooperation is important to gain what we both want. In real life, we all cooperate just to have the reputation of being cooperative. Why we help others? We want to be being fair and helpful. Moreover, we know also that people who cooperate also punish those who do not. In some cases, people do pay to punish uncooperative people. Such an act is important in societies that build on trust. In societies with low trust, people tend to react angrily towards punishment. Accepting or Denying Responsibility towards others Accepting or Denying Responsibility Others may or may not encourage us to do certain things. In a group situation, we tend to look around us to see what others may be doing or not doing and may influence us to do the same. Accepting or Denying Responsibility Diffusion of Responsibility We feel less responsible to act when we know that other people are equally able to act on it. If no one does anything at all, we may think that it is normal to not help. Accepting or Denying Responsibility Pluralistic Ignorance situation in which people say nothing, and each person falsely assume that others have a better-informed opinion. Bystander Effect which refers to the effect that the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help, with help becoming less likely as the number of bystanders increases. Aggression and Violence Aggression and Violence Cruelty and violence had been part of our human experience, just as kindness and altruism had been. Aggression and Violence Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis one cause of anger and aggression is feeling frustrated (something that hinders us from obtaining and doing something) it only makes us angry when we believe that there is another person who acted intentionally. Aggression and Violence Cognitive Influences of Violence suggests that any unpleasant event excites both our fight-flight response, we choose to fight or flee that unpleasant situation. Most often, people think of themselves as good. They often justify their actions by thinking they are better than other people they are hurting.  explain how the different social Lesson factors may influence behavior; describe how attitudes can be Objectives influenced through persuasion; and Social Psychology relate experiences through the terminologies used in social psychology.