Plant Reproduction Quiz

The process by which a plant produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself, resulting in clones.

A type of asexual reproduction in plants where stems are bent and covered with soil to induce root development, resulting in a new plant from the parent stem.

The production of offspring through the fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in offspring with a unique genetic combination.

A cyclical process in plants that alternates between a haploid gametophyte generation (producing gametes) and a diploid sporophyte generation (producing spores).

The haploid generation in plants that produces gametes (sex cells) such as sperm and egg, responsible for fertilization.

The legalization of cannabis for recreational use in Canada, making it the second country to do so.

Positive outcomes associated with legalizing cannabis, including economic growth, job creation, tax revenue, and reduced cannabis-related drug convictions among young people.

Concerns expressed by experts about the rapid growth of the cannabis industry in Canada, particularly regarding the lack of data on potential long-term public health impacts.

Reported short-term and long-term effects of cannabis use, including memory and concentration problems, psychological dependence, learning impairments, and increased risk of anxiety, panic attacks, and mental disorders.

The ongoing debate and lack of definitive conclusions about the long-term effects of cannabis use, leading to uncertainty and ongoing research.

Studies examining the effects of cannabis use, which are often subject to debate and scrutiny due to methodological limitations and potential biases.

The process of understanding and interpreting information, especially conflicting or complex evidence, to form a reasoned conclusion or perspective.

A type of pollination where plants mimic other objects or organisms to attract pollinators, often without offering any reward.

A drawing that accurately represents the size and shape of a specimen.

A line used in scientific drawings to indicate the actual size of the object.

The part of a flower that contains the female reproductive organs.

The part of a flower that contains the male reproductive organs.

The process by which pollen from the stamen is transferred to the pistil, leading to fertilization.

A type of pollination where the plant uses scent and visual cues to attract pollinators.

The transfer of pollen by wind.

The transfer of pollen by insects.

A technique used to create new plants from parts of existing ones.

The process by which plants reproduce through the fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in offspring with a unique genetic combination.

Essential substances for growth, maintenance, and function that cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained from food.

Large, complex molecules formed by joining many smaller units called monomers.

Sugars and starches, containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Their primary function is energy storage.

Fats and oils, containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but in different proportions than carbohydrates. They provide energy, insulation, and cell membrane structure.

The amount of each nutrient needed by most individuals to maintain health, exceeding the established minimum requirement for that nutrient.

A simple sugar, the basic building block of carbohydrates, with a chemical formula of (CH2O)x, where x represents the number of carbon atoms.

A type of monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms, such as glucose and fructose.

A type of polysaccharide, a complex carbohydrate composed of many glucose molecules linked together by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds, forming a linear and rigid structure.

A type of lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

A type of lipid with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails, crucial for cell membranes.

Lipids with a four-ring structure, including cholesterol, vital for cell function and hormone production.

Fatty acids with only single bonds between carbon atoms, usually solid at room temperature.

Fatty acids with at least one double bond between carbon atoms, usually liquid at room temperature.

Organic molecules, essential for life, that are made up of amino acids.

Basic unit that makes up proteins. Each amino acid has a unique side chain, or "R" group, which gives it its specific properties.

Amino acids that the body cannot produce and must be obtained from food.

When different amino acids are linked together, they form a long chain called a polypeptide. Proteins can be made of one or more polypeptide chains.

A measure of the protein quality of a food based on its digestibility and the essential amino acids it contains.

A type of carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond. Examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

Identifying, describing, and naming organisms.

The formal system of naming organisms using two words: genus and species.

Latin is used for scientific names because it is a stable, universal language.

The arrangement of organisms into hierarchical groups based on their evolutionary relationships.

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Groups within a species that share unique characteristics.

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

A geographically distinct group within a species.

A group of plants within a species with specific characteristics.

A plant that has been intentionally bred for specific traits.

The classification of plants based on their vascular system, seed production, and other characteristics.

Plants that lack a vascular system, limiting their size and requiring moist environments for survival. Examples include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Specialized tissues in plants that provide support and transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

The part of a vascular plant that is above ground, containing leaves for photosynthesis.

The part of a vascular plant that is below ground, responsible for absorbing water and minerals and anchoring the plant.

Vascular plants that reproduce using spores instead of seeds.

A protective structure containing an embryo, nutrients, and a protective coat, enabling plants to survive harsh conditions and germinate when favorable.

Vascular plants that reproduce using seeds, further categorized into angiosperms and gymnosperms.

A hybrid plant resulting from the crossbreeding of Platanus occidentalis and Platanus orientalis.

The shift from hunting and gathering to farming, marking a major change in human society and culture.

The ability for a species to produce fertile offspring through interbreeding.

The locations on Earth where specific plant species originated before domestication.

A tool used for harvesting crops, made of deer antler, demonstrating early agricultural technology.

The practice of cultivating crops and raising domesticated animals, representing a crucial technological development.

Hybrids are created by combining the genetics of two different varieties of a plant or animal, resulting in offspring with characteristics from both parents.

A period of significant agricultural advancements, primarily focused on developing high-yielding varieties of wheat, corn, and rice, which increased food production and helped prevent widespread starvation in developing countries.

Modern farming practices have a significant impact on the environment, potentially leading to negative consequences that require mitigation strategies.

A type of farming that relies on natural methods and avoids the use of synthetic pesticides, GMO seeds, and herbicides. It often has lower yields compared to industrial farming.

When plants naturally release their seeds easily when mature, making harvesting difficult for farmers.

Plants that have been bred to hold onto their seeds, making harvesting easier for farmers, but requiring a separate threshing process.

A traditional farming method where smallholders rely on naturally occurring fertile soil and rainfall for crop production.

Plant varieties that are not scientifically bred, typically used by subsistence farmers.

The ratio of the amount of food given to an animal to the amount of product (meat, eggs, milk) it produces.

The six regions on Earth where most of the world's major food crops originated.

The nutritional tissue surrounding a seed, providing food for its germination.

The process of separating the edible parts of a plant from its chaff, often done after harvesting.

The 12 most important food crops that provide sustenance for a large part of the global population.

This theory suggests that population growth outpaces food production, leading to inevitable resource scarcity and conflict.

The theory suggests that population growth outpaces food production, leading to inevitable resource scarcity and conflict. It emphasizes the potential for overpopulation to strain limited resources and create social challenges.

A mature ovary of a flower that develops into a fruit, containing seeds.

Fruits that are dry and dehiscent (split open at maturity) or indehiscent (do not split open).

Fruits that are fleshy and juicy at maturity.

A dry, dehiscent fruit that splits open along two seams, releasing multiple seeds.

A dry, dehiscent fruit that splits open along multiple seams, releasing multiple seeds.

A dry, indehiscent fruit with a single seed attached to the ovary wall.

A dry, indehiscent fruit with a single seed that is fused to the ovary wall.

A dry, indehiscent fruit with one or few seeds and a wing-like structure for wind dispersal.

A fleshy fruit containing a single hard seed, enclosed by the endocarp.

A fleshy fruit with multiple seeds, surrounded by fleshy tissue.

The process of selecting and breeding plants for specific desired traits, leading to a rapid evolution of crops.

A suite of traits commonly found in domesticated plants, including seed retention, loss of seed dormancy, increased yield, and reduced toxic compounds.

A type of plant breeding where individuals from different varieties or species are crossed to combine their desirable traits.

The process of genetic diversity loss within a crop as a result of using only high-yielding, genetically similar varieties, leading to decreased resilience.

The condition of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes, often leading to increased size and vigor in plants.

A type of polyploidy where the extra chromosomes originate from the same species.

A type of polyploidy where the extra chromosomes originate from different species.

The process of determining the complete DNA sequence of a crop plant, providing insights into its evolutionary history, genetic makeup, and potential for improvement.

The loss of genetic diversity in a crop plant that develops as the introduction of higher yielding varieties displaces existing varieties.

Proteins are large molecules made up of chains of amino acids.

Essential amino acids are the 9 amino acids we can't make ourselves and must get from food.

The protein score of a food measures its quality based on how well it is digested and the amount of essential amino acids it contains.

Vitamins are small organic molecules essential for life that we need to get from our diet.

A balanced diet, vitamin supplements, fortified foods, and sometimes medical injections are ways to prevent vitamin deficiencies.

The process of forming a ring structure in a monosaccharide where an oxygen atom displaces one carbon out of the ring structure.

A technique used to convert liquid oils into a more solid form, often leading to the creation of trans fats.

Fatty acids that the human body cannot produce and must be obtained from the diet.

The process of converting food into energy, essential for maintaining life, growth, and physical activity.

A type of sugar that is made up of two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, linked together.

Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They play crucial roles in energy storage, insulation, and cell membrane structure.

Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. They are the most common type of fat in our bodies and are found in foods like butter, oils, and meat.

Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides, but they have a phosphate group attached to the glycerol molecule. They form the basic structure of cell membranes.

Saturated fats have no double bonds between their carbon atoms. They are typically solid at room temperature and found in sources like butter and animal fat.

Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds between their carbon atoms. They are typically liquid at room temperature and found in sources like olive oil and vegetable oils.

Xeriscaping is minimizing water usage in gardening by using drought-tolerant plants, efficient irrigation, and landscaping strategies.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes involved in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and calcium storage in eukaryotic cells.

Collenchyma cells have thick, flexible cell walls providing structural support to young, growing stems and leaves.

Sclerenchyma cells have hard, rigid cell walls that provide structural support to mature plant tissues.

Xylem is a type of vascular tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Phloem is a type of vascular tissue that transports sugars produced during photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

A hypothesis should be a testable prediction that explains what you expect to happen in an experiment.

Replication means repeating an experiment multiple times with different subjects or conditions to ensure that the results are not due to chance.

Peer review is the process by which scientific papers are reviewed by other experts in the field before being published.

Science relies on objective evidence and systematic observation, while pseudoscience uses unscientific or misleading methods to support claims.

A perfect flower has both male and female reproductive parts (stamens and pistils) within the same flower.

Cultivar is a plant that has been intentionally bred for specific desirable traits, often resulting in new varieties.

Seeds are dispersed by various methods, including wind, water, animals, and mechanical ejection.

A monoecious plant has both male and female flowers on the same plant.

A scientific drawing should clearly illustrate the observed specimen, including accurate proportions, details, labels, and a scale bar.

The Green Revolution refers to a period of significant agricultural advancements in the mid-20th century, focusing on developing high-yielding crop varieties.

The five top major food crops are: wheat, corn, rice, potatoes, and soybeans. These crops provide a significant portion of global food needs.

Jared Diamond suggested that the disparity between New Guinea and the West resulted from differences in the accessibility and ease of plant and animal domestication.

The Green Revolution increased food production significantly due to the development and widespread use of high-yielding crop varieties and improved farming techniques.

A fleshy fruit is a type of fruit that is soft, juicy, and fleshy at maturity. Examples: berries, drupes, pomes.

A dry fruit is a type of fruit that is dry and dehiscent (splits open at maturity) or indehiscent (does not split open). Examples: legumes, nuts, capsules.

A simple fruit develops from a single ovary of a single flower. Examples: berries, drupes.

A multiple fruit develops from multiple ovaries of a single flower. Examples: pineapple, fig.

An aggregate fruit develops from multiple ovaries of multiple flowers. Examples: raspberry, blackberry.

Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and their primary function is energy storage in the body.

Autopolyploidy is a type of polyploidy where the extra chromosomes originate from the same species.

Allopolyploidy is a type of polyploidy where the extra chromosomes originate from different species.

A period of significant agricultural advancements, primarily focused on developing high-yielding varieties of wheat, corn, and rice, which increased food production and helped prevent widespread starvation in developing countries.