WWI Peace Treaty & WWII Events - UNIT 4 PDF

WWI’s Peace Treaty (The Treaty of Versailles) failed to establish a lasting peace British Italian PM PM David Vittorio Lloyd Orlando George French U.S. Pres Premier...

WWI’s Peace Treaty (The Treaty of Versailles) failed to establish a lasting peace British Italian PM PM David Vittorio Lloyd Orlando George French U.S. Pres Premier Woodrow George Wilson Clemenceau - Germany was forced to pay $33B - Italy and Japan did not receive as much territory as they expected - Russia was excluded from the peace talks  The League of Nations did not have much strength - the U.S. didn’t join & it had no military, so it was limited in what it could do  Evaluate this political cartoon. What was the author’s intent in creating this cartoon? “The Source” October 19, 1930  The Great Depression hit while European nations were recovering from WWI, causing massive unemployment and civil unrest throughout the globe  Hyperinflation in Germany Hyperinflation - when the price of goods increases faster than the value of the dollar - In Germany during the 1920s, at rates of up to 50% monthly  Totalitarian States Imperialize Totalitarianism A political system that regulates & controls most aspects of public and private life Neutrality Acts Meant to limit US (first passed in involvement in future 1935) foreign wars - Amended multiple times as threats expanded  The Neutrality Acts The Neutrality Acts - meant to limit US involvement in future foreign conflicts: first passed in 1935, but amended multiple times in response to various threats related to the war 1939: 1941: 1941: Cash and Lend Lease U.S. embargo Carry Policy Act on oil to Japan In response to In response to In response to German the German the threat of destruction of Japanese invasion of England during Poland and the expansion in the Battle of start of WWII Britain the Pacific  Allowed the US to sell war materials (mainly 1939 - Cash weapons) to other and Carry nations as long as they Policy paid cash & handled the transportation of the materials themselves  Passed on March 11, 1941, this act set up a 1941 - system that would Lend-Lease Act allow the United States to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed "vital to the defense of the United States."  Why did Japan bomb Pearl Harbor? In response to the oil embargo, the Japanese navy prepared for an attack on the U.S. The U.S. learned that Japan was preparing for a strike, but did not know when it would occur Late November, Roosevelt sent a “war warning” to military in Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines. - If war could not be avoided, “the United States desires that Japan commit the first overt act.” December 7, 1941 - Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor—the largest U.S. naval base in the Pacific—launched more than 180 Japanese warplanes from 6 aircraft carriers 2,403 Americans killed 1,178 wounded 21 ships, including 8 battleships, sunk or damaged —almost the entire U.S. Pacific fleet Over 300 aircraft severely damaged or destroyed This was more damage than the U.S. Navy had sustained in all of World War I. President Roosevelt referred to the December 7, 1941 attack as “a date which will live in infamy.” Dec. 1941: In response to the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. declared war on the Axis Powers - focused on first defeating Germany  U.S. Mobilization The US mobilization effort in WWII eclipsed even that of World War I. With major operations in both the Atlantic and Pacific theaters, American industries literally fueled two wars at once.  WWII Propaganda To fuel the mobilization effort, the US created propaganda to motivate citizens to support the war effort Office of War Information (OWI) - govt agency that created & disseminated political propaganda through print, radio, film, and posters “Rosie the Riveter” posters beckoned housewives to leave the home and enter the nation's factories.  WWII Propaganda Posters used bright colors & sensational language to encourage Americans to ration their food, conserve vital war resources like gasoline, and buy war bonds. The OWI created 6 themes for posters: 1. The Nature of the Enemy—general or detailed descriptions of this enemy, such as he hates religion, persecutes labor, kills Jews and other minorities, smashes home life, debases women, etc. 2. The Nature of our Allies—the United Nations theme, our close ties with Britain, Russia, and China, Mexicans and Americans fighting side by side on Bataan and on the battle fronts. 3. The Need to Work—the countless ways in which Americans must work if we are to win the war, in factories, on ships, in mines, in fields, etc. 4. The Need to Fight—the need for fearless waging of war on land, sea, and skies, with bullets, bombs, bare hands, if we are to win. 5. The Need to Sacrifice—the need for Americans to give up all luxuries and devote all spare time to help win the war. 6. The Americans—what we are fighting for: the four freedoms, the principles of the Atlantic Charter, democracy, and an end to discrimination against races and religions. In total, the US produced more than 200,000 posters during WWII.  All Americans faced challenges and changes at home during World War II… Shortage of goods in high demand (gas, tires, coffee…) Disruption of family life ○ Men left home for combat ○ Women filled factory jobs Everyone was expected to make sacrifices Marginalized groups experienced additional challenges & changes, both positive and negative  Women - 6 million women took wartime jobs in factories - 3 million volunteered with the Red Cross - over 200,000 served in the military Many women worked after they were married and after they were 35 years old Lasting impact: increase in women working even after the war ended Rosie the Riveter - character designed to motivate women to work  Black Americans More jobs were available, but jobs remained segregated Executive Order 8802 - ensured fair hiring practices & formed the Fair Employment Practices Committee to enforce the requirements Double Victory campaign - Black Americans would no longer accept second class citizenship A. Phillip Randolph, social & civil rights leader, founder of the first black workers union, supporter of the Double V campaign  Mexican-Americans Bracero Program - US and Mexico government partnership that brought Mexicans to work on American farms in the West to improve WWII production Though they helped with the war effort, many Mexican workers faced discrimination  Racial tension & conflict Race massacres became a problem as people migrated across the country into cities, looking for work - Detroit Race “Riot” (1943) - 34 people killed in the wake of racially motivated fighting - Zoot Suit “Riots” (1943) - LA Mexicans & Mexican Americans were attacked by sailors and arrested after ongoing conflict This sign was put up by a Japanese-American store owner on Dec. 8th 1941 - one day after the Pearl Harbor attack. Why would this Japanese-American store owner put up this sign?  Japanese-American Incarceration 12/7/41: Pearl Harbor attack → US entered WWII 2/19/42: FDR signed Executive Order 9066, forcing registration & incarceration of Japanese-Americans & Japanese immigrants ○ War Relocation Authority created 10 internment camps, incarcerated over 110,000 people (⅔ American citizens) A grandfather teaching his grandson to walk at Manzanar camp (California) Military exclusion zones - areas where Japanese-Americans were forcibly removed and sent to internment camps Prisoners were required to work - this is an image of prisoners making camouflage nets for the United States War Department.  Causes Short-term: Pearl Harbor attack fueled anti-Japanese hysteria - Gov’t argued Japan may have spies & could attack US infrastructure, ports, or military bases Long-term: decades of anti-Asian prejudice (especially West Coast w/ large Japanese-American population) 1941 Dr. Seuss political cartoon (Note: He later apologized for his political cartoons offensively depicting Japanese & wrote Horton Hears a Who! in dedication to Japan.)  Effects Families forced to sell properties & homes Incarceration camps were cramped, emotionally scarring, lacked economic & educational opportunities Korematsu v. United States (1944): Supreme Court ruled the camps were of military necessity & did not violate rights of Japanese-Americans 1988: US gov’t formally apologized & paid $20,000 in reparations to families incarcerated & offspring What specific rights under the Bill of Rights were violated?  Korematsu vs. United States Early 1980s - a researcher obtained copies of government documents proving the army had lied - Japanese Americans had not posed any security threat to the US during WWII. The Supreme Court’s decision in Korematsu v. United States became an example of court-sanctioned racism and a violation of basic American rights.  Early 1941 - Germany & WWII In Europe Italy had conquered much of Europe - the Axis Powers were winning The Allies were struggling - France = occupied by Germany - both Great Britain and the USSR were low on supplies, soldiers, & morale  WWII In Europe December 1941 - the US entered the war to help the Allies - General Dwight D. Eisenhower led the American army against Italian & German forces in Europe - after many battles, the Allies were able to defeat Italy - 1943 - the Italians surrendered  D-Day - The Invasion of Normandy The Allies had defeated Italy, but they still had to worry about the Germans. Adolf Hitler still controlled France and most of Europe. June 6, 1944 - General Dwight D. Eisenhower led a surprise attack against the German forces in Normandy, France, known as “D-Day.”  D-Day - The Invasion of Normandy An invasion force was assembled in England for the assault. The force consisted of….. - 4,000 ships - 11,000 planes - Almost 3 million soldiers, marines, airmen, and sailors Before sending troops out on the invasion of Normandy on D-Day, General Dwight Eisenhower wrote 2 notes — one to rally the troops to victory, the other in case the invasion of Normandy failed.  “In Case of Failure” Message “Our landings in the Cherbourg-Havre area have failed to gain a satisfactory foothold and I have withdrawn the troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was based upon the best information available. The troops, the air and the Navy did all that Bravery and devotion to duty could do. If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt it is mine alone.”  Genocide - the planned killing of a large group of people, The Holocaust was especially the genocide of at those of a least 6 million specific ethnic European Jews (10 million civilians) group or during World War II nation. by Nazi Germany. Hitler used Jewish people as a scapegoat - he blamed them for all the problems that Germany had faced. Propaganda was used to disseminate anti-Semitic sentiment and promote the superiority of the “Aryan Race” Hitler aimed to kill all Jews in what was called “The Final Solution to the Jewish Question.” The Nazis also targeted Homosexuals, Black people, the mentally and physically disabled, political prisoners, and more - anyone who was seen as an “enemy to the state” A refugee is someone who fled their country because of persecution, war, or violence. Most likely, they cannot return home or are afraid to. Estimates vary, but between 180,000 and 220,000 European refugees immigrated to the US b/w 1933 - 1945  Pacific Theatre: 1942 - 1945 Pacific Theatre: Allied Forces (US, Australia, UK, China) vs. Japan By 1942, Japan controlled parts of China & most of S.E. Asia, including the Philippines (US Territory)  Early Defeat in Philippines Early 1942, Allies defeated at Battle of Bataan (Philippines) Filipino & American troops, w/o supplies, were forced to surrender Bataan Death March: 10,000 Prisoners of War (POWs) forced to walk over 50 miles ○ Hundreds were brutally killed & tortured by Japanese  The Battle of Midway June 1942 - Allied Forces achieve victory in Battle of Midway (US territory) Turning point in the Pacific - the Allied forces destroyed Japanese aircraft carriers & planes, which forced Japan to go on the defensive Island Hopping: US military Raising of the American Flag at Iwo strategy used in the Pacific - Jima (critical battle in captured Japanese-controlled the “Island Hopping” islands one by one campaign) 1945 - the Allies won the islands of Iwo Jima & Okinawa From these islands, the U.S. began firebombing Japanese cities  In July 1945, the Big Three met at the Potsdam Conference to discuss the end of WWII Truman learned the atomic bomb was ready & issued the Potsdam Declaration to Japan: “surrender or face destruction” Japanese soldiers were trained to never surrender - Kamikaze attacks: Japanese flew planes into Allied naval vessels - Banzai charges: Japanese attacks ending with suicide  Japan refused to surrender & the U.S. began preparing for a land invasion of Japan…But, perhaps a land invasion was not necessary… The Manhattan Project 1942-1945 - Robert Oppenheimer, head of the Manhattan Project, & his team developed & built the atomic bomb from a number of secret labs across the country Atomic Bombings 8/6/45: US dropped atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan → no surrender 8/9/45: US dropped 2nd atomic bomb on Nagasaki ○ Up to 210,000 people died 8/15/45: Japan Surrendered  Long-term effects The bombs continued to harm & kill people years after they were dropped - radiation led to burns and leukemia (cancer) - water sources were polluted with radioactive waste - children were born with birth defects because their parents had been exposed to radiation Some effects can still be seen today