Individuals & Societies Past Paper - MYP4

Individuals & Societies Toyanvi Chhabra CRITERIA BASED STRANDS Criteria B Strand 1- RQ Research question - Is my question inquiring into SO...

Individuals & Societies Toyanvi Chhabra CRITERIA BASED STRANDS Criteria B Strand 1- RQ Research question - Is my question inquiring into SOI? - Have I covered both the important aspects given in the SOI? - Is my inquiry focussed to a Place? - Is my inquiry focussed to a time period? Justification of research question Q2- Explain the relevance of the RQ to SOI - How is research question helpful for investigation - How will the Question help you in your inquiry? - What smaller inquiries / subtopics will you be able to inquire into using your research question? - How is your Research Question linked to the Task/ SOI? - A suggested way to begin the Justification- My Research question is relevant as it will help me inquire into __ Strand 2 & 3 - Action plan Action Plan- plan to conduct investigation Sources of information to You can refer to- experiences, videos, documentaries, websites, experts, records of be used in investigation. events, memoirs, archival documents, statistics, diaries, speeches etc (Primary/Secondary) It Can be Primary or Secondary Source of information = Primary source- Gives you first-hand information which has not been interpreted by From where the anyone. information will be Secondary Source- Created later by someone who did not experience first-hand event. collected Hence the information is interpreted and second-hand. Be mindful to use reliable sources. Pieces of information to be Piece of information is the specific relevant data/information which you will collected for investigation collect to help you in your investigation. For example- You are investigating into the impact of using laptops on physical health of MYP students. Relevant piece of information- No. of hours spent on using laptop every day. No. of hours spent playing outside each day. Data on no. of students reporting vision problems. Collecting these pieces will help us draw conclusions to our research Method that will be used How you will collect data/ information for collecting information. Method that will be used How you will record/save the data you collected while conducting the investigation for recording information. - Notetaking - Making flow charts - Tables - Spreadsheet/ excel - Venn diagram - Graphic organiser Strand 4- evaluation Evaluating the result or process of investigation requires you to explain a strength, a weakness and give an appraisal. This is done using CEEL format C: Claim E: Evidence to support the claim E: Explain why that claim is strength L: Link with claim. Evaluation of result/ Outcome of investigation- To evaluate the result of investigation, you may consider the following-  S.NO Claims Importance of these claims in result of investigation (This explains the claims as strength/weakness) 1. Supported by statistical The usage of statistical data shows that researcher has provided objective and data quantifiable evidence to research with authenticity/ validation. It shows that researcher has made precise and accurate decisions which will minimizes errors and biases in research. It shows that researcher has compared different trends or identifying a pattern such as correlations, relationships between variables, trends over time which shows researcher’s deeper insight into the topic. 2. Multiple perspectives It shows that the information is analysed thoroughly, and different viewpoints given evaluated in the research. Shows that researcher has well-informed opinion and a comprehensive and well-rounded understanding of a topic. Shows that the researcher has looked at diverse viewpoints and experiences while researching. This suggests that there is less prejudice and bias in investigation. 3. Real life example given Including real-life examples in research makes abstract concepts more tangible and relatable. They shows that researcher has connected theoretical knowledge with practical applications, making it easier to understand complex ideas. Using real-life examples shows deeper understanding of the subject matter by establishing real life connect and making understanding concrete and contextual. 4. impact on multiple It shows open mindedness in investigation and shows that the investigation is stakeholders given connected to real-world relevance and the practical application. 5 Inclusion of reliable The outcome of investigations largely depends on the types of sources used, information in the hence Including citations or credible sources of information authenticates/ outcome of investigation validates the inquiry. (These are just a few examples given for your reference) 1) Whether Multiple perspectives on the research topic are given in the result of investigation 2) Whether Research is supported by statistical data 3) Whether Real-life example are given 4) Whether Impact on multiple stakeholders given. 5) Whether Investigation covers both positive and negative impacts. 6) Write on strengths and weaknesses- not OPVL AS A STUDENT GIVE FEEDBACK ON THE RESULT OF THE INVESTIGATION It should be written according to the question Evaluating the action plan Types of sources that you plan to use in your action plan. Are you able to use variety of sources to gather varied perspectives for holistic understanding on the topic? Are you using reliable sources to gather information? The subtopics/ Sub questions that you have created in your action plan- Are you breaking down your inquiry into smaller parts using sub questions which is keeping your inquiry focussed and is making it time efficient. Method of data collection used- are you using different methods of data collection such as primary and secondary? Is your action plan only focussing on data collection from secondary sources or you are also gathering first hand data by using primary sources? Method of data recording used- is your method tot record data efficient and helpful for future reference? Always mention if it is a strength/weakness, how? Criteria D - Evaluating a ‘source’ - OPVL is done for its usefulness in an inquiry to a student. - Why the source is good/bad Origin In order to analyze a source, you must first know what it is and where is it coming from. The more you do know about where a document is coming from, the easier it is to ascertain purpose, value, and limitation. Where is the document coming from? What type of source is it? Primary or Secondary? Who has created the source? Is the author’s credentials given to us? When was the source created? Is it outdated? Where was it published? Is the source credible? Why/ why not? Is there anything we know about the author that is pertinent to our evaluation? Purpose This is the point where you start the real evaluation and try to figure out the purpose for creation of source. You must be able to think as the author of the document. Why was the source created?  Who is the target audience kept in mind while making the source? What is the intent of the author behind creating the source? Value Putting on your thinking hat, you must determine what value does this source have in your investigation? Does the purpose of source match the need of the researcher? How is the source valuable as a piece of study in a particular context? Which information in the source is valuable and why? In context of inquiry Is it able to give different perspectives the inquirer? Is the source balanced in its viewpoints? Does the source give detail on the topic or just covers it from the surface? Limitation What is it that the source does not cover? What information is missing in the source which is useful for inquiry? Is the source biased? Does it give limited perspective? Is there any inaccuracy in the source? INS MYP4 Unit 1- Resources SOI- Forces of globalisation may impact sustainable consumption/exploitation of resources. Globalisation: anything that makes us connected with the outside world. Interconnectedness Trade Flow of technology Exchange of information Student exchange Migration Natural Resources Natural resources are materials from the earth that are used to support life and meet people’s needs. Any natural substance that humans use is considered as a natural resource. Oil, coal, natural gas, metals, stone and sand are natural resources. Some more include air, sunlight, soil, water, animals and plants. Natural resources are used to make food, fuel and raw materials for the production of goods. Every food item comes from plants or animals. Natural resources are the raw materials which are used to make the items and objects we use daily. Renewable resources: these are the resources such as trees, water, sun and wind that can be replenished at the same rate which they are used. Renewable resources however can be depleted if not properly managed or conserved. Non-renewable resources: these resources deplete quicker than they are generated. Fossil fuels like oil and natural gas were formed over millions of years but once mined and used completely, non-renewable resources are gone forever. Challenges in using natural resources: Extracting, processing and using natural resources can cause environment problems such as land and water pollution, disruption and destruction of ecosystems and a decrease in biodiversity. Example- carbon dioxide which is produced from burning coal, oil and natural gas is a critical greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases absorb and retain heat from the sun. some greenhouse gases are methane, ammonia, sulphur dioxide and certain chlorinated hydrocarbons. The build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can cause global climate change (change in the average global temperature of the atmosphere near the earth’s surface. Some economists estimate that the lost pharmaceutical value from plant species extinctions in the USA is about 12 billion. Extracting and using natural resources can disturb relationships within an ecosystem. For example, trees cleared from a field can destroy habitats used by many animals, forcing them to find homes elsewhere. If these animals leave the ecosystem, further disturbances can occur within plant and animal populations that depend on these species. Resource recovery: Natural resources used for the first time are considered virgin resources Their extraction, processing and use require a great deal of energy and can create pollution Resource recovery is a practice that conserves natural resources by extracting material from the waste stream and recycling it into other materials for using it to produce energy. More companies are developing new and innovative technologies that use recycled materials in the manufacturing of products. How is PSG a green school? Pathways focused on creating a green campus with 0 discharge and a low carbon footprint.  With various contributions from all the faculty, the schools total energy requirements are 40% less than those of regular conventional buildings. The total air conditioning requirements are also 60% lesser than other buildings. PSG’s role in resource conservation Air conditioning Atmospheric air through earth air tunnels which is 75 metres long and buried 4 metres below the ground is being created and formed. The air which was previously 44-45 degrees cools down to 28-30 degrees after travelling the 75 metres. Later on, the same air is cooled to 24 degrees and pumped inside. There are 6 earth air tunnels inside the school which results in less power consumption and overall reduces the amount of carbon footprint produced by the school by large amounts. Temperature As the hot air always rises up, the buildings are designed in a way where all the rooms open up control into a big courtyard which has a large atrium. The atrium has clear openings on the top which naturally pushes and removes the hot air from all the rooms, and creates a chimney effect. The atrium is vented out into the atmosphere automatically and helps ensure comfortable conditions indoors without any use of additional energy. 5-6 questions during How much energy to the solar panels in PYP produce compared to the total amount of energy the school visit to required? understand PSG’s Are there any areas in the school which promote reusable products instead of 1 time use role in resource objects? conservation How can our school manage the paper wastage and disposal of unrequired paper to minimize their environmental impact? Impact of UNESCO on bees Task 1: Answer the questions 1. Outline the aim of women for bees program. As globalisation takes over the world, more than 40% of bee species may be threatened globally. UNESCO has partnered with the Guerlain in the women for Bees program, to empower women beekeepers within the world network of biosphere reserves, by valorising the links between culture, biodiversity and pollination. The program supports women to overcome social and cultural barriers that prevent them from participating in beekeeping. It aims to contribute to raising awareness of the importance of all bee species to balance the environment and also showcases how the animal plays a vital role in pollination of 90% of the worlds wild flowers. The program overall aims to improve the living conditions and health of the bees and empower women all over the world through the work of beekeeping. 2. Describe the role of UNESCO in this program. Women for bees is a program launched by UNESCO and Guerlain, which promotes woman beekeepers. The program was initiated by Angelina Jolie, and its objectives include women’s empowerment, biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. The project focuses mainly on local and native bees, which includes looking after their welfare and maintenance. Additionally, it includes the study of bees and contributes towards raising awareness about the importance of bees as they are pollinators, and educate people about their roles in the environment. Its main goal is to benefit both women and bees, this is done in various ways as beekeeping benefits many stakeholders. Participating in these jobs can motivate and empower the women and promote them to overcome certain barriers which prevents them to participate in beekeeping. 3. Outline the impact of this program. The program initiated by UNESCO has goals to promote bee health, but at the same time also helps produce jobs- beekeeping for women. Through this process, both the women and bees are benefited. The project mainly focuses on local and native bees, their welfare and maintenance and education on bees. Since the bees remain in a balanced environment which meets their needs, their growth remains healthy. This program also helps empower women through sustainable professional activity, which would be maintaining the bees and helps them go against social and cultural barriers. This helps them interact with other women from different cultures which can empower and motivate them as well. People residing in rural areas also get benefited through this initiative. Beekeeping helps generate income for the disadvantaged population- which don’t own crops or farms. It generates income and improves food security in areas where agricultural production is comparatively less. Aral sea Geographical location: Located in central Asia, With Uzbekistan on its north and Kazakhstan on its south Latitude and longitude: Latitude- 45.0 degrees north Longitude- 60.0 degrees east Rivers draining into the sea:  The Aral sea has 2 main rivers which lead into the water body. The 3 most significant and important ones are the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya. Meaning of landlocked waterbody: A landlocked body is a water body which is completely surrounded by land and does not have any openings into the sea, the Aral sea being an example. Landlocked bodies of water and usually isolated from oceans and are connected to them by natural water ways like rivers. The 2 rivers which connect the Aral sea into the ocean and provide it with the water are the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya. Soviet union wanted to become the largest exporter of cotton and increase its economic growth Planned to grow cotton Diverting water from rivers feeding Aral sea, to grow cotton 40,000 people were employed for fishing in the Aral sea It increased exports Massive environmental problem of water wastage- canals leaked Shrinking of Aral sea, water became saltier Cotton exports increased only for a while and then the Aral sea dried up because the water from the 2 rivers which provided it with water were changed and the water went to the fields Destruction of marine ecosystem Ecosystem- local community was affected Health concerns due to salty water or less water for the area around it As the Aral sea shrunk there were many stakeholders which were affected in various ways. The 3 main areas which were affected due to the impact on the Aral sea were fishermen, people living in the area and the ecosystem around the water body. Economic impact: After the implementation of river canals into the Aral sea, the water levels dropped immensely as 60cm3 were going to the farmlands, instead of the sea. As the water got redirected, the marine life in the water body were affected and eventually there were no fish left. The Aral sea was one of the largest providers of fish to the Soviet Union. Due to this situation, the various fishermen lost their jobs. This caused poverty in the area and even increased the rate of homeless people living in the area, as they had no job to provide for their families. This led to a decrease in the economy of the area as gathering and supplying fish to other areas in the Soviet Union was one of their most prominent and largest way to increase the growth of their economy. Social impact (health): The land around the Aral sea was extremely polluted, and the people living in the surrounding areas had already been suffering many health related problems. As the water in the Soviet Union depleted, the quantity of salt in the remaining water increased. As the Aral Sea was the most common and used source of water to the surrounding areas, many people did not receive the amount of water they needed and required, it put the health of many people at risk. This put people residing in the ecosystem around the Aral sea at a higher risk as they had a lack of fresh drinking water, which had been reported to increase the risk of cancer and lung diseases as well. due to reduced amounts of water, the region experienced a high rate of respiratory diseases and digestive disorders, along with infectious diseases which spread across many people and communities. Trade of flowers between Kenya and Britain Source 1 Source 2 How your supermarket flowers empty Kenya Kenya flower & water The flowers we buy have an impact on Kenya’s rivers Flowers flown from Africa can use less Kenya’s second largest river is a life sustaining resource for farmers energy than ones produced in Europe because Flowers, fruits, vegetables crops are exported to the UK, which all need they aren’t grown in heated greenhouses large amounts of water Kenya provided 31% of Europe’s cut Supermarket companies which provide European companies with fruits flowers, which directly employs 500,000 and vegetables use too much water which should be used by famers in people and another 1 million through Kenya auxiliary services The river also provides businesses from the UK with water Fruits, vegetables and fresh flowers in Africa The farmers in Kenya accused the companies of stealing water from the accounted for less than 0.1% of UK’s carbon rivers in Mount Kenya emissions UK is overusing water and taking it at all times, but they are only allowed Britain emits 9.3 tonnes of carbon a year and to take it in the time of floods in Kenya Kenya emits only 0.2 Kenya is giving the UK flowers which are made of 90% water A boycott of Kenyan roses or crops would be The European market takes as much as 25% of water normally available bad for many farmers especially small to more than 100,000 small farmers farmers as they would lose their jobs The river now peters out 60 miles short of where it used to Flying Kenyan flowers to the UK can be less The overuse of water was contributing to conflict between small scale than a fifth of those for flowers grown in farmers heated greenhouses There is a 100km stretch of the river which is dry Flower growing areas are placing enormous The companies have blocked rivers and are tapping streams on the strain on the local ecology and many lakes mountain side could be polluted or completely dry up in the next 15 years Virtual water trade: trading in water intensive products like rice and flowers If things are transported to Britain from the other countries, the higher the amount of The flower farms have taken over land that the farmers used and there has been reduction in amount of water available carbon dioxide will be emitted What is the issue Kenya is facing due to virtual water trade in flowers? As there are many virtual water trades happening between Kenya and Britain, the flowers produced in Kenya are being exported into Britain. Flowers are 90% water, and therefore a large amount of Kenya’s water is being imported into Britain. At the same time, the requirements of creating the flowers include water and land. The flower farms have taken over the land which farmers previously used for agriculture, and this led to loss of jobs. This situation caused the water in Kenya to deplete even more, considering that it is one of the driest countries in the world. How is the trade impacting Kenya? Use data and information from the second article. The virtual water trade impacted Kenya and is currently doing so in many ways. Firstly, the trade of flowers include export from Kenya into Britain, and producing the flowers requires a lot of natural resources. One of the main requirements and needs is water. As Kenya lies in Africa, the amount of water in the country is extremely less. As the trades increase, the water levels and availability of fresh and usable water in the country decreases even more. However the trade impacted Kenya in positive ways as well. Kenya provided Europe with 31% of its flowers, which helped produce 500,000 more jobs in the country, and another million through other required services. What are the environmental impacts of growing flowers in LEDC like Columbia and Kenya? The flowers which are grown in LEDC’s are grown and harvested in the soil. This requires fertilizers and pesticides for them to grow properly. These fertilizers emit pollutes into the environment and mainly soil and water. This later leads to eutrophication which accumulates the environment with toxic nutrients, which impacts the ecosystem. Secondly, flowers are water intensive, and 90% of them are made up of flowers. This creates and requires an overuse and sometimes wastage of water which can lead to water scarcity in the country. The use of pesticides to harvest and grow the flowers impacts animals; pollinators such as bees. If the species of bees and others get impacted, it can impact bee health which negatively affects and creates an imbalance in the ecosystem. South China Sea conflict International waters- International waters are bodies of water which are outside a country’s territorial waters, which extend 12 nautical miles from its coast. However, with territorial waters nations have full controls on what steps to take. Exclusive economic zone- The exclusive economic zone is an area that extends 200 nautical miles out from the shore. But the zone only applies sovereign rights to what lies below the surface such as oil or other usable minerals and resources. After 12 miles anyone can sail through a countries economic zone, but they cannot drill for oil and fish. According to UNESCO, what activities can be done in international waters by any country? The freedom to navigate international waters is one of the several freedoms guaranteed by the UN convention on the law of sea. All countries are allowed to fly over, lay cables, build islands, fish, and perform scientific research in any international water bodies. Whatever is being done on the high seas falls under the jurisdiction of the country the ship is registered in. Universal jurisdiction- allows for any country to prosecute a criminal regardless of their nationality or where the crime was committed. The south China sea is located in the southern regions of Asia. It is present in the south of China, southeast of Vietnam, west of Philippines and north to the island of Borneo. The countries involved and surrounding the south China sea are China, Taiwan, Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei, which are also the countries in conflict. The main importance and reason of conflict of the south China sea is not about what’s on the surface, but what is located below it. As mentioned in the sources, the sea has oil and large amounts of natural resources below its surface. The south China sea is a crossroad and is one of the major international shipping routes, which is where most trade occurs and is worth almost 5.3 trillion dollars. Secondly, it is rich in natural resources such as oil and natural gas. It has 125 billion barrels of oil and 500 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, which creates an even bigger reason for the various countries to fight and compete over the sea. China has already enforced military installations in the sea, to serve as a higher amount of power and provide protection to the region. The disruption on the south China sea could create larger economic problems for all the countries involved, and even other countries from different parts of the world due to its power and role in international trade. In conclusion, its geographical location and its role in trade make it of an even larger importance, which have made it a focal point of conflict in the world. The biggest issue is that the South China sea is an international water body. This meant that it was not owned by or part of a specific country, which created various problems in the region. Firstly, multiple countries had overlapping ownership of the sea, due to a rule created by the UN related to the convention of the laws of the sea. China claimed to own the sea, and the only evidence they had was an old map, which showed a 9-dash line and drew the sea as a part of China. China had later implemented military installations in the sea, to claim and provide another reason for their ownership. The sea which was the focal point of conflict had various benefits. It was the main route of trade and one of the largest, worth up to 5.3 trillion dollars. Many researchers claimed that it had 125 billion barrels of oil and 500 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. The overexploitation of the resources which the sea provides has created a large economic impact in the area. The south China sea remains as an important part of the world, but also a large issue in the area it is in. The UN has taken significant steps to resolve the issue and lessen the impact of the conflict to the rest of the world. The UN laws of convention of the seas mentions exclusive economic zones. The EEZ’s of various countries (which extend the 200nautical mile line) lie in the sea, which China wants to have complete control on. The Law created by the UN did not have much of an impact, even after constantly pressurising China to follow them. Another group called the ASEAN which are a group of South Asian countries tried to do the same, but the plan failed again. This led to Philippines taking China to court and winning the case. Therefore, pausing China from making any progress regarding the taking over of the South China Sea. Unit 2- Changing population SOI- Human behaviour and interactions lead to changes in the policies of a region over time impacting its demography and development. KC- Change RC- Causality and culture GC- Orientation in space and time GCE- People, exchange, interaction, migration and displacement Factors impacting the human population- A country that is full of old people will have less manpower to work and their systems won’t run properly Countries population change based on how their economy is How population analysts predict the future population (based on these predications, policies are made) Demography in action Demography is the quantitative study of human populations. The word demography comes from two ancient Greek words, demos, meaning “the people,” and graph, meaning “writing about or recording something” A demographer is someone who studies a human population’s size, structure, distribution, characteristics, and changes over time. The information collected from a census can be used to determine political representation and to assess a region’s needs for government services and facilities (think schools, hospital beds, and roads). To determine changes in population size, demographers consider the number of births and the number of deaths in a region. When the birth rate is higher than the death rate, the population grows. When the death rate is higher than the birth rate, the population shrinks. The greater the difference between the birth rate and death rate, the higher or lower that population’s growth rate will be. Key indicators that demographers look at when trying to predict population growth trends are fertility and life expectancy. A number of factors can affect how many children people choose to have, including economics, cultural traditions, education and public health. To predict how long people might live, demographers consider trends in overall health, disease outbreaks and wars. Demographers often use maps to show population density. Large, densely populated areas need lots of resources to support so many people – energy, food, water, and all sorts of services. Cities can continue to grow because resources are brought in from other places. There is a carrying capacity for human life on our planet. Carrying capacity is the maximum number of a species an environment can support indefinitely. The individual decisions of every person will ultimately determine how many people the Earth can support – from the foods we eat, to our transportation habits, size of our homes, and the sources of all the goods and services we use. - Census: taking into account every person in the population - Birth rates: the yearly number of births per 1,000 people. - Carrying capacity: the maximum number of a species an environment can support indefinitely. Death rates: the yearly number of deaths per 1,000 people. - Demographer: someone who studies the characteristics of human populations. - Demography: quantitative study of human populations - Ecologists: scientists who study the interrelationships between organisms and their environments. - Fertility rate: the average number of children a woman has in her lifetime. - Life expectancy: the average number of years someone is expected to live based on current health trends. - Population density: a measurement of population per a unit of area - Quantitative: relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality. - Replacement-level fertility: the average number of children born per woman—at which a population exactly Replaces itself from one generation to the next. This rate is roughly 2.1 children per woman for most countries, although it may vary a bit depending on rates of child survival. Factors affecting human population- Education War Food supply Poorly educated on farming People killed while fighting Increase in food supply will increase the practices so families have War interrupts family life population lots of children to work Diseases tend to spread Decrease in food supply will decrease Agriculture is neglected population  No education on family Healthcare is compromised planning Health system Status of women Technology When health system is The more status a woman has in Improved technology reduces family sizes improved, the death rate is society, the smaller her family Traditional farming practices mean more reduced In developing areas women have children are needed to work in the A developed health system traditional roles and have to take developing world means that people will not care of the family In the developed areas the technology is die from easily curable In developed areas they are well improved hence less children are needed diseases each year educated and have higher status for work, better technology also increases job roles the food supply which can save lives of various people and improve health as well. Migration: Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. People move due to various reasons such as economic, social, political or environmental problems which can also be known as push factors. Migration impacts the place left behind and also the place where the migrants settle. Internal migration- when people migrate in the same country or region International migration- when people go from one country to another Emigration- leaving a country Immigration- entering a country Reasons for migration: 1. Economic migration- moving to follow career or for a job 2. Social migration- moving for better quality of living or for family and friends 3. political migration- to prevent political problems like war 4. Environmental migration- natural disasters People are forced to migrate while others choose to migrate A refugee is someone who left their home and does NOT have a new home to go too. Push & pull factors (why someone leaves an area)- higher employment more wealth better services good climate safer, less crime political stability more fertile land lower risk from natural hazards Syrian migration The case study worked upon included migration from Syria to Germany. It occurred in 2015 around the time of the Syrian war. It happened because people wanted to escape the Syrian war and were seeking safety and a better and safer way of life. Various individuals and families migrated in order to protect themselves. Push factors- civil war in Syria, destruction of homes and various people killed and abused Pull factors- Germany provided refugee camps for people to live and provided opportunities to the refugees Voluntary international migration- people chose to migrate as they could potentially be harmed and negatively affected The Ahmed family left Syria in 2016 due to the Syrian war where they crossed the Mediterranean sea to reach Germany. In the beginning, they were not allowed and stopped from entering the country due to their religion and beliefs but were eventually able too, and able to support themselves through the war in the refugee camps provided and created by Germany. Social: The migration increased cultural diversity as people of other religions and beliefs were immigrating from Syria. People came together as a community to help the refugees which overall improved the relationships of the people previously living in the area. Economic: As more people arrived in the area, there were more people available for jobs such as labour or farming which helped both the economy and agriculture. The refugees could help make an impact and work these jobs to provide for their families, which would benefit them and the country as a whole. Environmental: As a large number of refugees immigrated into Germany from Syria, the demand for food supply would have increased suddenly. This would cause a decline in the health due to the scarcity in various necessities such as housing, water, food and shelter. The sudden requirement of large amounts of food could affect the ecosystem, environment or area where the food is being produced. Demographic transition model The demographic transition model is used to analyse a countries population and development It shows the interaction between 3 variables over time- birth rate (no. of births a country has per 1000) , death rate (no. of deaths a country has per 1000), rate of natural increase (birth rate-death rate: different between birth and death rate)  The DTM has 4 stages, along with a possible 5th stage Stage 1- High birth and death rate but it remains stable Stage 2- Early expanding: extremely rapid drop in the death rate due to medical advancements and improvements in the country Stage 3- Late expanding: birth rates begin to decline due to contraceptives and changes in the economic and political state of a country Stage 4- Birth and death rates are both low and population growth is stable, advanced industrialization and urbanization Stage 5- not many countries reach this stage (possible stage), population decline or stabilization occur A rapidly growing population can have a profound impact on a country It can lead to starvation, economic problems or political instability If the population decreases, then there will not be any people who are in the ages to be able to do work and only the elderly will be present Birth rate and death rate are at the same level in stage 1 The total population is low in stage 1 but increases in stage 2 and decreases in stage 5 again The birth and death rate meet again in stage 4 end The birth rate decreases in stage 3 and death rate decreases at the beginning of stage 2 Population pyramids- Graphic device that demonstrates the structure of a countries population It displays the age and gender groups in the form of a bar graph If the bottom of the pyramid is bigger then everything else, then the country has a very high birth rate If the top is very small compared to the bottom, it also has a very high death rate If the bottom is smaller than the middle, the country has a lower birth rate which could be lesser than its death rate The thicker the top of the pyramid, the higher the life expectancy If a population pyramid is narrow from the top then it means there is a small population of elder people Wider in the middle means people are living longer hence less infant mortality Wider at the top means there is longer life expectancy Triangle= developing (rapid growth) Square= developed (slow growth) Small from the bottom= developed (negative growth) Population policy of Singapore The anti-natalist policies were implemented in Singapore from 1972-1987 and had the main aim of decreasing the birth rates of the country. This included easy access to contraception’s because of their decrease in costs and easy access to family planning clinics as well as education about family planning, which helped raise awareness about the same. The main reason for implementing these policies was to decrease the birth late as overpopulation was one of the biggest problems the nation faced in that period of time. Since the ratio of number of jobs to the number of people was comparatively less, many people were unable to provide for their families and had a lack of education and family planning, which contributed towards the increased fertility rate of the country. Following the anti-natalist policy reduced the fertility rate, however it also led to various challenges and issues in the country. For example, the potential for an aging population and a lower youth-elderly ratio, which led to a smaller work force in the country, and hence impacted the economic growth and state of the country as well. The implementation of the anti-natalist policies led to an excessive decrease in the fertility rate of the country, which had various negative implications. Due to this reason, the government decided to implement pro-natal policies which aimed for the opposite. The pro natal policies were implemented after 1987, and after the impact of the anti-natal policies. The main aim for these policies were to increase the birth rate of Singapore, which would boost the population of the country. These policies had various benefits for women as their maternity leaves were increased up to 12 weeks and parents with good academic qualification would get enhanced child benefits. Having more children meant benefits for the parents, as they had to worry less about the cost of having children. The pro-natal program however did not work, as the fertility rate was still decreasing at an extremely high rate. To be able to influence the fertility rate of a country, it is important to be able to implement support systems, education and awareness and help the citizens balance both their career and family life. Including affordable childcare and healthcare systems would make it more feasible for families to have more children as well. secondly, investing in awareness campaigns and education about family planning to promote having larger families would also help with increasing the fertility rates of the country, if done consistently and in both urban and rural areas. Overall, changing the mindset of people with cultural and religious beliefs can affect the population of a country largely, as misconceptions can change what people think. Addressing certain issues to make it more feasible for families to have more children and helping individuals balance their careers and family life would be one of the best steps the country could take. Anti-natalist Pro natalist In Singapore, from 1972-1978, the Anti natalist policy The pro natal policies were implemented after 1987, was implemented with the main intention of decreasing and after the impact of the anti-natal policies. the birth rate of the country. The main aim for these policies were to increase the The country was facing a major challenge of over birth rate of Singapore, which would boost the population. Due to the small size of the country, there population of the country. are insufficient resources to be provided for big These policies had various benefits for women as their populations. maternity leaves were increased up to 12 weeks and To help control the population growth and birth rate, parents with good academic qualification would get this policy was implemented. enhanced child benefits. Since the ratio of number of jobs to the number of Having more children meant benefits for the parents, as people was comparatively less, many people were they had to worry less about the cost of having children. unable to provide for their families and had a lack of Included- education and family planning, which contributed 1. Parents with good academic qualifications would towards the increased fertility rate of the country. get enhanced child benefits Included- 2. Increased maternity leaves of 12 weeks 1. Free education for small families 3. Maternity leave would be covered for the first 4 2. Access to low-cost contraception children 3. Creation of easy access to family planning clinics 4. Child benefit increased meaning parents worry less 4. Use of media to promote smaller families about having cost of children 5. Sterilization programs promoted 5. Government sponsored dating agencies 6. Family planning and population board establish 6. Government subsided childcares (FPPB) 7. Sterilization and abortion discouraged 7. Access to low-cost health care for smaller families 8. Family planning and population board abolished China’s one child policy Analysing China’s population policy - Policy: One Child Policy implemented in China in 1979 due to overpopulation. - Implemented to control rapid population growth rate. - Impact: Increase in gender discrimination, imbalance in gender ratio. - Stakeholders: Women and girl child faced discrimination, forced abortions, and unemployment. - Parents fined and unemployed for having second child. - Unintended Consequences: Excessive male population, imbalance in gender ratio. - Predicted quarter of population over 65, affecting economy and government. - Shift in Policy: Relaxation of policy, allowing couples with one child to have two. - Policy gradually became less strict, leading to its complete end. - Welcomed by some, but mindset changed towards having only one child due to economic concerns. - One Child Policy Success or Failure: Successful in achieving goals but led to negative consequences like gender imbalance and economic burden on families. 1. What was the Policy and when was it implemented? The one child policy was implemented in China in the year 1979 due to overpopulation and an extremely high birth rate in the country. 2. Why was it implemented? The policy was implemented to address the population growth rate of the country, which the government believed was too rapid and growing at an extremely high level, which was what the government wanted to control. 3. What was the impact of the one Child Policy? include stakeholders. Stakeholders can be women and girl child. Due to the presence and enforcement of the one child policy, there was an increase in gender discrimination and imbalance in the gender ratio of the country. Most families preferred having boys instead of girls, and the females were put into orphanages, where eventually nobody would adopt them. Women who had a second child were forced to get abortions, fined and unemployed which affected them in various negative ways. Children who were females were dressed up as males instead, so the families would be able to present to society that they had sons instead. Secondly, the parents of the second child would be unemployed, fined and denied from certain activities and jobs which they would have done previously. They were not allowed to work in government jobs and were not provided with economic safety and food scarcity which parents of a single child were. 4. What were the unintended consequences of this policy? Include Economic and social consequences. As many families decided to abort children if they were females, there was an excessive growth and presence of males and the gender ratio of the nation was also imbalanced. In the future, a quarter of the Chinese population was predicted to be over 65, hence contributing and largely increasing the elderly population of the country, which required care and would affect the  economy and government in various ways. In 2015, the one child policy was stopped and the government started spreading awareness and switched from anti to pro, and it was an attempt to try increasing the extremely low birth rates of the country. 5. What has the shift in China’s population policy been? The Chinese government slowly decided to relax the policy and were not extremely strict about following the rule. Couples who were only child’s in their family were allowed to have 2 children and the conditions became less forceful and more relaxed. Slowly, the policy was not as strict compared to the 1980’s and China decided to end it completely, when they noticed the drastic decrease in population and imbalance in the gender ratio of the country. 6. How is this shift in population policy welcomed by people in China? In the late 1970’s, the population of China was encouraged and forced to have only 1 child, which led to a drastic decrease in the population. After the government realised the consequences, they decided to end the one child policy and convince the citizens to have 2 or more kids. However, their perspectives and mindsets were changed largely, and they decided to have only 1 child. This was because they felt that providing for 2 or more children would be a burdened on them economically and the jobs of women would also be affected, as they would have to be at home for a longer time. 7. Was one child policy a success or failure? Justify your answer. The one child policy was successful as it reached all the goals and was able to complete what it was meant for. However, the policy lead to a rapid decrease in birth rate, imbalance in the male to female ratio, and a large decrease in population due to suicides and abortions. Unit 3- Social & Resistance movements SOI- Denial of rights over time may lead to shifts in power equations and ideologies around the world" KC- Time, place and space RC- Equity, power, processes GC- Identities and relationships GCE- competition and cooperation, teams, affiliation and leadership Movement: - Initiated by one person to bring a change - Gathering support, group of people fight to bring a change - Change or development What is a social change? Questioning the existing core societal views and integrating new ones, and opening perspectives to something new (growth mindset). Social change is an alteration of societal structures, and how the world works. It includes a change in the way individuals and groups act or organise themselves in a society. Why is social change necessary? Social change is vital for many reasons, and it enables people to adapt to new situations and circumstances. This helps people address issues they face and develop to find a solution. How does a social change happen? Social change happens when a group of people with similar values and demands work together to achieve a goal and make a change. This could mean standing up for fairness or fighting for a right. it starts with one person and many others join, to be able to make a bigger difference which they are in favour of or support. It includes the presence of public support & elites. Characteristics of social movement- Group of people with shared ideas & values to work towards either resisting an existing value system, or introducing something completely new. - Expresses the dissatisfaction of people - Expectation that something will be done about the matter - Highly organized - Group of people who feel very strongly about a matter - 'Propaganda' - when public attention is being drawn to matters - Influences public opinion - Have the potential to bring about social change - May transform the society - Potential strengths should not be over or underestimated - E.g. ANC movement before democracy in April 1994 which initiated transformation in society What is a social movement? Social movements are a type of group action. They are large, sometimes informal, groupings of individuals or organisations which focus on specific political or social issues. In other words, they carry out, or undo a social change. Social movements are a type group action, They are large informal grouping of individuals or organization focused special political or social issues, in other words on carrying out, resisting or undoing a social change. Types of social movements- Resistance movements: Aimed at resisting changes that have already occurred in society. E.g. against organ transplants Reform movements: Movements started to prohibit the showing of permissive scenes and violence on TV. E.g. Movements against the e-toll system of our government. Revolutionary movements: These movements want to replace existing orders with totally different structure. E.g. boycotts held during apartheid.  Expressive movements: These movements concentrate on change among their members in order to improve their quality of life. E.g. Hippies Social movements- What are social movements? Social movements are instrumental to changing the path of society. When a group of people come together with a shared idea, they can create lasting effects by encouraging change in their society. Or by resisting it, both of which can shape the future of their society. Social movements need organization, leadership and resources if they ever hope to gain momentum and make an impact. Features of social movements- - Collective efforts by groups of people who come together to bring change - Include organisation, activism and efforts to raise awareness about the cause - They include social media and other methods of communication through technology to be able to organise events and connect with the supporters. - It includes the use of propaganda to draw public attention towards the issue. - Social movements evolve over time, and adapt different strategies and goals to change circumstances and societal norms. Type of social movements - Alternative movements are focused on a specific cause, and are for the self-improvement for a specific group of people. They are limited to specific changes to individual beliefs and behaviour. - Redemptive movements are focused on a specific part of the population and their goal is to provoke inner change or growth in specific individuals. - Reformative social movements change something specific about the social structure. They are more focused to more specific changes but are targeted and for the entire population. - Revolutionary movements change every aspect of society and their goal is to change all of society. Stages of social movements The problem exists, but it isn’t well known or talked about. Many people support it but a majority of people don’t see the problem. Some people try to make an official change such as speaking out on a public platform but it doesn’t work. The problem gets worse and more people become aware. Then the social movement would have finally taken off but later it would feel as if the movement has ended. Then a radical change would occur in the belief of many people and more trigger events would occur. Eventually, people would start understanding the problem and powerholders get more success Finally, once the problem is solved, people hope for the solution to keep occurring - Preliminary: people are aware of an issue and leaders emerge - Coalescence: when people join together to organise and publicise the issue, to be able to raise awareness - Institutionalization: the movement is an established organization - When people adopt a new movement, it successfully brings change however, when people don’t take the issue seriously, the movement falls in the decline stage. Civil Disobedience movement - The civil disobedience movement began with Mahatma Gandhi’s Dandi march on march 12, 1930. - When they arrived in Dandi, Gandhi violated and broke the salt law - The movement gained significant support due to the salt satyagraha, and the salt march which represented the citizens opposition to British government policy. Issue addressed by the salt march: Salt tax, British monopoly over making salt Reasons for discontent among Indians: Salt was essential and a basic necessity, therefore applying the salt tax made them feel like their rights were being taken away. This caused their daily existence to be targeted as well. Impacts of the movement: It paved way for independence, it was the starting point for mass protesting and led people to realise how mobilizing support can bring positive change, led to nationwide connect and international recognition by how British rule was bad for the country Shift in power and change in ideology: It weakened British authority, had various economic impacts Causes of the civil disobedience movement: 1. Formation of the Simon commission- committee made to decide the future of the country, but it had no Indians. 2. The rejection of the demand for dominion status 3. The demonstrations against the detention of social revolutionaries Impacts of the movement: - Popularised new methods of non-violent resistance - United all Indians from all walks of life - Weakened British authority - It laid the groundwork for Indian independence - Salt was considered a basic right of every Indian, and it was chosen to represent the beginning of the civil disobedience movement. - Salt made a quick connection between the swaraj ideal and a genuine and common complaint of the poor. - It was considered as the turning point in Indian independence movement, and the Dandi march gained huge popularity and nationwide attention. - As the march progressed, thousands of activists joined in. - At every stop along the way, Gandhi addressed the crowds with the purpose of educating them about the independence movement. - Gandhi’s non-violent march was widely acknowledged as an event that shook the British empire, and became a milestone in the civil disobedience movement for Indian independence. Limitations of the movement: - Primarily included urban middle class - It ignored the untouchables - The gap between Hindus and Muslims widened and Muslim political organisations did not participate - It did not address the underlying structural inequalities that perpetuated the British rule - Heavily relied on the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi - Highlight how the march exemplified Gandhi's commitment to peaceful resistance and the pursuit of justice. Women- Got more jobs because of the British boycott because they made Indian products (economic) This empowered women, community mobilization through planning meetings (social) Women handled the march after men were arrested, this gave them more power politically, leadership development- Sarojini Naidu (political) Indian national congress- improvement in economic activities because British production was boycotted, but the British put financial hardships on the INC (economic) brought together people from various regions and religions which caused national unity, empowered ordinary Indians (social) enhanced legibility of INC because they were a leading force in the CDM, sympathy for INC on global stage which helped it represent India (political) Farmers- Harvested the salt but once the rule for salt was made, they were unable to do their job because it became illegal. This affected the financial stability of their family (economic). The Dandi march raised awareness amongst the farmers about economic exploitation and the salt rule changed their daily lifestyle (social) farmers who went against the law were arrested, which had an overall political impact on the movement (political) ARAB SPRING MOVEMENT What was Arab The Arab spring movement was a radical movement where the authoritarian regimes were protested Spring? against in an attempt to change the government to a democratic and included loosely related group of protests. When did it The Arab Spring movement occurred as a series of protests and uprisings in the Middle East and North happen? Africa in late 2010 and early 2011. It was sparked by various factors such as authoritarianism, corruption, and poverty. Where did it From Tunisia, the protests then spread to five other countries: Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Syria and happen? Bahrain, along with parts of North Africa. Why did it The Arab Spring movement occurred because the citizens of the country wanted to protest against the happen? authoritarian regime. It all started with the death of a fruit seller, and started with the government confiscating his cart because he did not have a permit. Who was The Arab Spring movement had a significant range of influence across the Middle East and North involved? Africa region. It started protests in multiple countries, which also led to the removal of long standing dictators such as Hosni Mubarak in Egypt and Mummar Gaddafi in Libya. The movement had a profound impact on regional politics and society, and highlighted the future plans for political change among people in the Arab world. Why is it Understanding the Arab spring movement is vital as it raises awareness about the aspirations for important to know democracy, human rights and social change in a region. It focuses on the complexities and challenges about it? involved in transitioning from authoritarian rule to democratic governance. The Arab spring movement is also an example which shows the amount of power the citizens of a country hold, and how using tools such as social media to raise awareness can contribute to the success of a movement. How is Arab Spring movement an example that showcases ‘The Power of People’? the Arab spring movement was primarily driven by ordinary citizens and the youth by using social media platforms to organise protests, share information and mobilize support. This showed how individuals even without political background could initiate social and political change. Protesters across the MENA demanded an end to authoritarian regimes and political repression of the citizens, this put pressure on the government to make changes in the systems followed. Due to the actions taken by the citizens, the overthrowing of many leaders occurred. The movement also inspired protests in other countries and overall showed how people could advocate for their rights by working together. Cause of the movement- The Arab Spring movement occurred because the citizens of the country wanted to protest against the authoritarian regime. It all started with the death of a fruit seller, and started with the government confiscating his cart because he did not have a permit. The Arab Spring movement occurred as a series of protests and uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa in late 2010 and early 2011. It was sparked by various factors such as authoritarianism, corruption, and poverty. Range of the movement- - It encompassed a wide geographic range - Spread across several countries in north Africa and middle east which was later termed the MENA region - Included millions of people all around the globe - The use of media helped raise awareness about the issue all over the world and in other countries as well Scope of the movement- - Regional spread - Mass participation - Global attention - Long lasting impact - Some got political reforms while situations in other countries got worse Role of media in movement- - Social media platforms helped organise protests, spread information and mobilize participants - Global visibility- news channels such as Al Jazeera and Middle east satellites spread information about the movement all around the world - Real time reporting from citizens of MENA region (citizen journalism) - Inspired more people to join and support the cause - Social media helped spread information to countries which have state controlled media - Helped connect people across various middle eastern borders - Social media is dynamic and influential force for any movement to gain momentum as it shapes the outcome of the movement and decides the scope, range and global reach of movement. 2 countries- Yemen & Tunisia Implications Yemen Tunisia Economic Decline in GDP, humanitarian crisis, less tourism after movement, economic instability, youth impact displacement and loss of life, destruction of unemployment infrastructure, impact on trade and investments Political President Saleh removed, fragmentation of Overthrow of Ben Ali regime which caused political impact power, humanitarian conflict, and violence instability but later transition to democracy, constitutional increased reforms, civil society empowerment, regional disparities Social Divisions between people, humanitarian crisis, improved women’s rights, social activism, regional impact women and children were more exposed to risks disparities (inequality), fair and free elections (citizens of violence, education disruption, psychological who got right to vote), truth and dignity commission trauma, no trust (benefited human rights and their rights) Overall NEGATIVE Impact- positive impact Overall impact of Arab spring (general impact- MENA region) - The overall impact of Arab spring on the MENA region was transformative, but still complex - It included a mix of political, social and economic changes - The movement sparked hope for democratic reform and social justice, but later led to conflicts and political instability along with humanitarian crisis in many countries - Governments were toppled in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya - Other countries faced significant challenges to their authority - The movement caused underlying socio-economic problems such as unemployment, corruption and inequality which caused unrest in the region - Some countries experienced political reform but others had to go through chaos and violence - Overall, it largely changed the MENA region and shaped its political and social landscape in many ways AFTERMATH Yemen Tunisia - Civil war - Political transition - Humanitarian crisis - Civil society empowerment  - Economic devastation - Economic challenges - Political fragmentation - Safety concerns - International concerns - Political instability Overall Tunisia- negative In the beginning it was positive but later it became negative Positive- elections were held, got Nobel prize, truth and dignity commission Negative- political instability, economic challenges Overall Yemen- negative Negative- war & conflict, humanitarian crisis, economic problems, unstable splitting of power Unit 4- Economic agents Economic agents: Economic agents are individuals, groups or organisations that make decisions about the production, distribution and composition of goods and services in an economy. 4 types of banks (categories) - Banks - Consumers/households - Government - Producers/firms Circular economy- Coca cola - Definition: A circular economy is an industrial system that is restorative or regenerative by intention and design. - Practical use: it implies reducing waste to a minimum. When a product reaches the end of its life, its materials are kept within the economy wherever possible. - Defined as a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling existing materials & products for as long as possible. 3 principles of circular economy 1. Eliminate pollution: harness new materials and process technologies to ensure waste and pollution are not created in the first place 2. Circulate products and materials: redesign products to be reused, repaired, or re-manufactured so that they last longer and are kept in circulation. 3. Regenerate nature: return nutrients to the forest, replant tees, remove plastic waste from the ocean, working with nature for the benefit of all. Benefits- towards 0 waste, renewable resources (instead of finite), new opportunities(jobs), benefits consumers (long lasting products), reduces carbon emissions) Understanding the role of organizations towards a circular economy Step 1- Explore the website on Circular Economy by Ellen Mcarthur foundation under the section – Featured Case Studies by Topic. Coca Cola- A reusable bottle design for multiple brands: Universal Bottle (ellenmacarthurfoundation.org) Step 2- Choose any organization that contributes to the circular economy. Step 3- Formulate a research question to inquire into the SOI Research question: To what extent has coca cola redesign the plastic bottles they use to reduce plastic waste in the beverage company in the last 1 year? Justification: this research question would be helpful in researching about a circular economy in many ways. This is because, it focuses on one organization- coca cola, which is both influential and known for its large amounts of production. The research question includes what they have done, which is redesign the plastic bottles they use, to be able to reduce plastic waste. This is because they have recreated their plastic bottles into ones which can be recycled, and therefore reused. The research question is relevant it is company specific, as well as time specific- as it talks about the impact on plastic wastage in the past year. The research question also connects to the SOI as it talks about how economic agents (coca cola) can have an impact on fairness and development, which in this scenario would be the amount of plastic waste produced in the beverage industry, which eventually harms the environment. Recording information about coca cola as an organization Details of the organisation. - Coca cola is an influential beverage company which sells its products in more than 200 countries all around the globe. The company aims to do many things which are beneficial for their consumers, such as reducing sugar in the drinks they produce to bringing innovative and new products in the market. - Coca cola aims to benefit many people all around the world through the process of water replenishment, packaging and recycling, sustainable sourcing practices and reducing the carbon emissions produced through the entire process. - The company has more than 700,000 employees, which have been benefited in many ways and have gotten a variety of opportunities to improve their lives. Role of the organization in contributing to Circular Economy? - Coca cola as a company which produces almost 20 billion cans of coke every year, therefore it becomes a large producer and component of plastic wastage by the beverage company. To be able to find a solution for this problem, coca cola has redesigned their bottles in a way that they are reusable and recyclable. - This started in 2017, when almost 1 million bottles were brought every minute across the world and even though a large amount of PET bottles were collected and recycled, most of the produced bottles were thrown away after 1 use. This led to the creation of the universal bottle, which is an example of “upstream innovation” as it traces a problem all the way back to its root cause and tackling it there. - The company focuses on increasing the life of the bottles, instead of disposing it properly, which is why it is an example of a circular economy. The process which occurs to do so requires consumers to return empty bottles and give them back to coca cola, whenever a delivery is made. - These bottles are taken to a bottling facility where paper labels are washed off, and the bottles are cleaned, refilled and rebranded. Consumers therefore pay indirect deposits on bottles by getting a discount on their next purchase, which would eager their customers to continue these practices. This way, both the consumers, company and the environment get benefited. Environmental Social - bottles are reused up to 25 times and therefore reducing overall - As a company, coca cola has implemented plastic use by 90% in Latin America → reduced plastic usage collecting systems in countries and coastal meaning reduced ground + land pollution → reduced pollution communities were recycling process does not leads to less social and/or health implications exist. This can help the country as a whole, as - greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by 47% → reduced air not only the plastic bottles are recycled, but the pollution and smog → reduced respiratory health issues citizens of the country get motivated to recycle - water consumption is reduced by 45% → meaning the water which and reuse products even more. This therefore was being used in the production and selling of the 'normal plastic' has educated people about the importance of Coca-Cola bottles can now be used for something else, more recycling and material use, and has improved beneficial such as growing of crops and mitigation of recycling rates where recycling systems do not environmental problems such as droughts exist. - Mitigation of droughts: The amount of greenhouse gas emissions - lower prices combined with the reward system produced were reduced by 47% as compared to using single use for returned bottles → drives consumer loyalty PET bottles, and the amount of water consumption was also → return rate increases, above 90% and a 15% reduced by 45%. This benefited countries like Sao Paula which higher chance of repurchase suffer from droughts in the last decade. - logistics and storage are simplified with a - Coca cola used materials which were 100% recyclable to create single bottle design across brands → Coca- the universal bottle, which has brought down the cost and Cola can cut costs and improve efficiency → availability for recycled materials. Since the materials are 100% whilst providing more flexibility to consumers recyclable, they can be used multiple times before being properly to choose their preferred beverage. disposed. Finland and North Korea as economic agents, the choices they made and their impact Guns and butter choices made Impact of the choices made on development Finland Butter over guns Social impact: Development policy - Increased social mobility allows individuals to get the same opportunities, prioritizes gender equality, despite their background and status education and adequate - Reduced inequality as there is equal access to education, social security, availability of resources and and healthcare medical services - Improved wellbeing of life as a whole, because access to education, social No extreme poverty security and healthcare provides safety for all individuals which reduces Prioritizes fulfilling the stress and overall benefits their lifestyle common mans’ needs and - Reduced costs on military allows the government to spend on social requirements programs and public services, which benefits the citizens of the country National Pension Plan- social - The national pension plan has benefits for people in old age, people who security benefit have disabilities and even ones who have lived in the country for more Health Insurance- covers than 3 years. This benefits people with problems who could be unable to medical, dental and travel provide for themselves. costs to obtain care. Economic impact: Foundation of KELA - Investment and equal access to education, due to educational reforms The government however (which started in the 1970’s) leads to more working individuals, which heavily taxes its citizens to be benefits the country’s economy - International recognition leads to other countries investing in Finland, able to provide all the above which raises more opportunities in the country mentioned points to the  citizens. The citizens are - The government requires the citizens to pay a large amount of tax, but the willing to pay this heavy tax citizens agree to the rate of tax, as the money they give to the government to be able to get the benefits comes back to them in the way of the benefits they receive, due to the and plans their country plans of the government. provides. North Guns over butter - Chronic food shortages, limited access to healthcare, and a lack of basic Korea Prioritizes military freedoms plague the population. An estimated 60% of North Koreans live development. in absolute poverty, lacking basic needs like food, shelter, water, Approximately 60% of the education, and healthcare. population lives in poverty - Approximately 18 million people in North Korea are food insecure, with Common man’s rights are not 70% of the population relying on food assistance. U.S reports found that prioritized the state of cereals and potatoes, were reduced last year from 380 grams Lacks specialized plans for per person, per day to just 300 grams per person, per day, which is less Social Welfare than a pound of food. 24% of GDP spent on - In 2012, more than 25 percent of North Korean children (under 5) Defense Budget suffered from chronic malnutrition. This means that over 25 percent of One of the largest standing child ren, under 5, failed to grow to their full potential, mentally and armies in the world physically, because of a lack of nutrition Military has old equipment + lacks fuel Minimalism- Japan Minimalism is a lifestyle that has the main idea of only keeping the things that you need and require. It can help a person live a simpler life and benefit them in many ways which can be financially, mentally, and physically. - Minimalism can also simply be being intentional with our energy, money, and time. - It is about rejecting the idea that a person can find happiness and fulfillment in possessions. - Minimalism is realizing that excess actually carries it with a burden - It’s about rejecting possessions and removing distractions Kon Mari method: Organizing and tidying approach. Developed by Marie Kondo, a Japanese organizing consultant. Emphasizes decluttering by category, not location. Keep items that "spark joy" or have meaning. Popularized through Kondo's book "The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Up". Promotes minimalist and organized living. Gained global popularity since 2011. Kon Mari method Commitment to tidying up. Visualize ideal lifestyle. Discard by category, not location. Ask "Does it spark joy?" Follow specific order (clothes, books, papers, etc.). Designated place for each item. Fold clothes vertically. Express gratitude to belongings. Embrace minimalist mindset. Tidy once and for all. Implementation of minimalism- Minimalism is added in architecture, consumer products and daily life Japanese architecture emphasizes simplicity, clean lines, and functionality Prioritize quality over quantity, opt for well-crafted and durable products Minimalist living spaces- such as small apartments and capsule hotels which encourage organization Impact on stakeholders- 1. Consumers: Japanese consumers have experience increased satisfaction and financial stability by prioritizing quality purchases. Minimalist living spaces promote calmness and organization which contributes to overall wellbeing as well. on the other hand, there can be societal pressure which can impact their overall well-being. 2. Environment: Minimalist consumption habits in Japan lead to reduced waste and resource consumption. It also prioritizes quality and longevity, which reduces the demand for disposable items and fast fashion. The design of minimalism also promotes sustainability, which can benefit the environment in many ways. Role of banks Role of banks in providing fair opportunities in an economy - Depositing money gives citizens an easier way to access money, while also ensuring its safety. Moreover, the banks also help people record their earnings/spendings and the amount of money they have which helps them organize their finances. - Banks lend money to people in need which can benefit them economically and support them financially. - Gives mortgages which can help people find a house and therefore benefit them socially. Central bank: - Control monetary policy by determining money in circulation and setting interest rates. - Manages currency exchange internationally and gold reserves and bonds. - Regulate banking industry regulation - Economic research, statistical collection, government advising - Act as the government’s banker (the bankers bank) - It is an institution that manages the currency and monetary policy of an entire country. - The central bank is the main bank of a country, and it is the only one that can print the money. - It also keeps and stores the governments money. - The central bank for India is known as the RBI. - The primary function of the central bank is to stabilize the economy of the nation - Allows people to deposit and withdraw money Commercial bank: A commercial bank is what citizens use to lend and store their own money, and these can be both government banks and private banks. The federal reserve system of the USA - Created after the panic of 1837 and the problems which occurred in the states - In 1910 6 men laid its foundation and their plan was supported by many economists - 3 objectives: maximizing employment, keeping prices stable, managing interest rates to influence lending - Decentralized: Made up of 12 different banks that control 12 different districts Collateral: what the banks take from you if you are unable to pay back the interest, security against loan Financial inclusion Definition: Method of offering banking and financial services to individuals - Aims to ensure that the poor and marginalized make the best use of their money and attain financial education - Aims to include everybody in society by giving them basic financial services regardless of their income or savings - The concept of financial inclusion was first introduced in India in 2005 by the reserve bank of India - The lending system is different based on a persons need Important features: 1. A basic banking account for making and receiving payments 2. Promoting a culture of saving and investment by providing accessible saving products and including options for retirement planning 3. Facilitating access to credit through simple credit products and therefore empowering individuals to meet their short-term financial needs 4. Enhancing financial connectivity and facilitating economic transactions by offering money transfer facilities 5. Mitigating risks and providing financial protection to vulnerable populations 6. Fostering long term financial planning and security by introducing micro-pension schemes which enable individuals to build a sustainable retirement income and support themselves financially Relationship to other concepts: equity - Promotes equity by ensuring that all individuals regardless of their status have equal access to banking services and financial resources - Addresses financial access and opportunities for all - Offers no frill banking accounts and credit options along with insurance to underserved populations - Contributes to social equity by promoting financial literacy and inclusion - Supports economic growth my expanding access to financial resources Importance: - It strengthens the availability of economic resources and builds the concept of savings between the poor. Financial inclusion is a major step towards inclusive growth. - It helps in overall economic development of the underprivileged population. - In India, effective financial inclusion is needed for the uplift of the poor and disadvantaged people by providing them with the modified financial products and services. - Reduces poverty and inequality - Promotes economic growth - Promotes small businesses - Empowers otherwise marginalized demographics - Promotes innovation - May foster digital inclusion Grameen Bank - What was the issue in Bangladesh that led to establishment of Grameen bank? The establishment of the Grameen bank was due to the lack of financial services for marginalized sections in the society individuals living in rural communities of Bangladesh and focused specifically on women. This was because they were unable to access credit from traditional banks due to lack of collateral and the lack of banking infrastructure in their communities. - Elaborate on the lending activities of Grameen bank of Bangladesh? The lending activities of the Grameen bank have benefited the struggling community of the country in many ways. Firstly, it provides microcredit without collateral and offers loans which makes credit accessible to those excluded from traditional banking. Secondly, it supports women and is aimed at lifting them out of poverty and helping them in socio-economic ways. It serves vulnerable populations but also maintains a loan recovery rate of 96%, through monitoring. The bank has also received international recognition and gotten the Nobel peace prize for contributing towards reducing poverty. (microcredit, low interest rates, lack of collateral, variety of loans, shared lending, accountability of repaying, interest free loans, financial capacity) - How do the banks help solve the problem of poverty in rural Bangladesh? The banks in rural Bangladesh have helped to reduce poverty by providing microcredit loans to individuals who are struggling financially which enables them to generate income, start businesses and support themselves financially. (microloans à money to start new business, providing financial resources à generate income, empowering women to support themselves financially) - Explain the impact of the establishment of this bank using an example of a stakeholder. Example Stakeholder: Rural Woman in Bangladesh Before the establishment of Grameen Bank, women faced many challenges in accessing financial services. Since they did not have collateral, being able to secure credit to improve her household was one thing she was not able to do. Economic Impact: With Grameen Bank's microcredit programs, women could get small loans without needing collateral. This helped them start businesses, earn money, and lift their families out of poverty. Social Impact: Grameen Bank's focus on lending to women also helped them socially. They joined women's groups where they received support and training on managing money and running businesses. Improved Life: Thanks to microcredit, women improved their families' lives. They could afford better healthcare, send their kids to school, and buy basic things. This made life better for them and gave their children a brighter future. - What are the possible challenges associated with these kinds of banks? Over-indebtedness: There is a risk that borrowers, particularly those with limited financial literacy, may become over- indebted if they take on multiple loans without the means to repay them. Microfinance institutions need to implement proper lending practices and also provide financial education to borrowers, and monitor loan utilization to mitigate the risk of over- indebtedness. Stagnant economy: little to no economic growth Causes: bad economic policies When the money doesn’t flow in the economy àlenders will not give money to the Grameen bank à borrowers will not be able to issue loans Probability of repayment from borrowers is unpredictable in the case of unforeseen circumstances. Social Empowerment of women in rural communities through access to financial resources. Participation in women's groups promotes social cohesion and mutual support. Improved living standards for families as women contribute to household income. Increased awareness and education on financial management and entrepreneurship. Enhanced community development and social mobility, particularly among marginalized groups. Economic Reduction of poverty levels through microcredit loans enabling entrepreneurship. Stimulated economic growth in rural areas through investment in small businesses. Expansion of employment opportunities as businesses supported by microloans grow. Increased household income leads to improved access to education and healthcare. Diversification of local economies and reduction of income inequality. Political Recognition and support from international organizations, enhancing Bangladesh's global standing. Government policies and regulations favouring microfinance and financial inclusion. Strengthening of grassroots democracy as women become active participants in local governance. Promotion of social justice and poverty alleviation aligns with government development agendas. Influence on policymaking to prioritize financial services for marginalized communities. Story of microfinance in Andhra Pradesh For microfinance Against microfinance Access to Financial Services: Microfinance provides Unsustainable Debt Burden: Critics argue that microfinance can access to financial services for the poor who lack access lead to over-indebtedness among borrowers, especially when to traditional banking systems. In countries like India multiple loans are taken from different sources without proper where a large amount of the population lives in rural assessment of repayment capacity. The case of Andhra Pradesh in areas, microfinance can play a large role in helping India exemplifies how rapid expansion and aggressive lending people start small businesses, and get the basic needs practices resulted in borrowers accumulating unsustainable levels they require such as being able to support themselves of debt, leading to defaults and even suicides. financially. Limited Impact: Some research suggests that the impact of Poverty Alleviation: microfinance empowers microfinance on poverty alleviation may be limited in the long individuals to lift themselves out of poverty by providing term. Studies have found that while microcredit can initially help them with the means to start or expand small businesses, households escape poverty, its effectiveness diminishes over time, generate income, and improve their standard of living. with diminishing returns observed after several years of access to By enabling entrepreneurship and productive activities, microloans. This raises questions about the sustainability of microfinance can contribute to long-term poverty microfinance as a poverty alleviation strategy. reduction. Neoliberal Critique: Critics argue that microfinance, particularly Empowerment and Social Inclusion: Microfinance in the context of neoliberal economic policies, can perpetuate programs often target marginalized groups, including existing power structures and reinforce inequalities. They contend women and rural communities, providing them with that microfinance institutions may exploit vulnerable populations, opportunities for economic empowerment and social such as rural women, by leveraging cultural norms and social inclusion. By giving these groups access to financial pressures to ensure loan repayment. This instrumentalization of resources, microfinance can help challenge traditional traditional values may deepen social divisions and further gender roles, increase women's participation in the entrench economic marginalization. economy, and promote social equity. Risk of Financial Instability: The Andhra Pradesh crisis A