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Tab 1  Bayanihan. It is a Filipino term taken from the word UNIT 4 BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY bayan referring to a nation, town or community. The LESSON 1: ENCULTURATION AND SOCIALIZATION...

Tab 1  Bayanihan. It is a Filipino term taken from the word UNIT 4 BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY bayan referring to a nation, town or community. The LESSON 1: ENCULTURATION AND SOCIALIZATION whole term bayanihan refers to a spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective. WHAT IS ENCULTURATION? WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION? Harana. It is an old Filipino courtship tradition of serenading women, probably a Spanish influence. It has Enculturation is the process by which individuals acquire been practiced mostly in rural areas and small towns. the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values that enable The man goes to the house of the woman he is courting them to become functioning members of their societies. and sings love songs to her. Socialization, on the other hand, is the process whereby the individual‘s behavior is modified to conform to the Pamamanhikan- From the word panhik [which means to expectation of the group. ascend stairs], is "the asking for the girl’s parents’ permission to wed the affianced pair." The custom THREE LEVELS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT symbolizes honor and respect for the parents, seeking their blessing and approval before getting married. The vegetative level refers to embryo and early infancy. This is characterized by preoccupation with food. The 2. Mores are special folkways with moral and ethical infant grabs things and brings them directly to the mouth. values which are strongly held and emphasized. These The main thought of the infant is survival. The animal include customs, values, and behaviors that are level is characterized by desires for sex and accepted by a particular group, culture, etc. reproduction. At this stage man is no different from animals in their need for food and sex. At this stage, the 3. Laws are formalized norms enacted by people vested socialization of man is incomplete. The human level is with authority. These laws reinforce the mores. considered the attainment of human of a personality. 4. Sanctions are penalties or other means of This implies the assimilation of behavior, attitudes, and enforcement used to provide incentives for obedience values the society considers necessary and important to with the law, or with rules and regulations. To ensure that the well-being of the group. individuals conform to the norms or behave in ways prescribed within society, sanctions are applied to attain SOCIAL NORMS AND SOCIAL VALUES the individual’s conformity and acceptance of its norms. Social norms are standards of behavior which tell whether an action is right or wrong; appropriate or not. FORMS OF SANCTIONS They represent standardized generalizations concerning a. Informal sanctions come in unfavorable or favorable expected modes of behavior. Among the norms observed public opinion, giving or withdrawing of support, or by society include folkways, mores and laws. gossip. 1. Folkways are customary ways of doing things b. Formal sanctions may be in the nature of getting high which are fairly weak forms of norms, whose academic ratings, awards in school, promotion or salary violation is generally not considered serious within a increase for employees, medals or plaques of honor, particular culture. They are the habits, customs, and certifications of merit or other citations fort achievement. repetitive patterns of behavior. EXAMPLES OF FILIPINO FOLKWAYS APPLICATION OF SANCTIONS Mano Po (Blessing of the hand/ means "right" [opposite a. Physical sanctions: bring physical pain or pleasure. of "left"] and po is a word you say to show respect. Ex: Having it bringspleasure, losing it brings pain. Usually, it's the kids who execute the "Mano Po" although adults will also do this especially when visiting their parents or other elders. b. Psychological sanctions: address the feelings and emotions of a person. They can make one feel good or Po and Opo. It is a kind of respect you use among bad. Positive psychological sanctions are found in elders in the Filipino culture. It’s also a custom provided compliments, ribbons, badges and awards. Negative in the Philippines to mean respect for older people. psychological sanctions are found in insults and rejection. Social values are cultural standards that b. Role as Performance refers to how the individual indicate the general good deemed desirable for actually behaves while occupying the status. organized social life. These are assumptions of what is right and important for society. c. Role Conflict arises when an individual encounters conflicting demands from his two or more statuses. This STATUS AND ROLE happens when in his performance of one role; such would run counter to another role. Status refers to one’s position or place in a social group. It can be ascribed, a status that is assigned to an d. Role Set refers to the individual’s repertoire (list) of individual from birth; or achieved, that which one performances towards variety of others while he/she acquires either by choice or by force or through some occupies a given status. form of competition and individual effort. Role refers to the functional and dynamic aspect of the status. It is the SOCIALIZATION FOR SEX ROLES totality of cultural patterns and behavior expected of a particular status. Societies categorize their members into males and females and each is viewed as a distinct sex or gender. FORMS OF ROLES Gender differences are a function of cultural patterns which prescribe the different expectations and norms of a. Role as Expectation refers to the rights, duties and behavior for boys and girls. obligations an individual has while occupying a status. b. Role as Performance refers to how the individual actually behaves while occupying the status. UNIT 4: BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY LESSON 2: CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE c. Role Conflict arises when an individual encounters conflicting demands from his two or more statuses. This Society employs various forms of social control happens when in his performance of one role; such depending on the context. In primitive societies, beliefs would run counter to another role. and superstition are sufficient for control. In rural areas, folkways, norms, beliefs, customs, and traditions are the d. Role Set refers to the individual’s repertoire (list) of main tools of social control, while in modern societies, performances towards variety of others while he/she formal agencies like the police, military, radio, occupies a given status. newspapers, and universities are employed. SOCIALIZATION FOR SEX ROLES TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL Societies categorize their members into males and 1. Direct Control: Exercised by primary groups like females and each is viewed as a distinct sex or gender. family and peer groups, which praise or condemn Gender differences are a function of cultural patterns an individual’s behavior. which prescribe the different expectations and norms of 2. Indirect Control: Exercised by secondary behavior for boys and girls.STATUS AND ROLE Status groups, such as traditions, customs, and refers to one’s position or place in a social group. It can institutions. be ascribed, a status that is assigned to an individual from birth; or achieved, that which one acquires either by POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MEANS choice or by force or through some form of competition and individual effort. Positive Means: Praise, prizes, fame, respect, promotion. Role refers to the functional and dynamic aspect of the Negative Means: Criticism, gossip, punishment, status. It is the totality of cultural patterns and behavior ostracism. expected of a particular status. FORMAL AND INFORMAL CONTROL FORMS OF ROLES Formal Control: Designed and regulated by an a. Role as Expectation refers to the rights, duties and authority, such as the government, through laws obligations an individual has while occupying a status. to maintain order.  Informal Control: Unwritten rules and act is deviant or criminal is the orientation regulations, influenced by informal authorities like or interest of the group that is offering the public opinion, criticism, and sociability. definition. DEVIANCE MOST COMMON FORMS OF DEVIANCE Deviance is defined as the recognized violation of 1. Homosexuality cultural norms. While deviant behavior is often 2. Drug addiction associated with breaking the law or acting negatively, it is 3. Alcoholism important to recognize that deviance can be either 4. Murder tolerated, approved, or disapproved. 5. Prostitution 6. Lesbianism Two types: Positive and Negative Deviance 7. Mental Illness 8. Perversion EXPLANATIONS FOR DEVIANT BEHAVIORS 9. Politics 10. Communism 1. Pathology 11. Atheism ○ Social Pathology: Deviant behavior 12. Political Extremism results from a societal disease and must 13. Ear Piercing be treated. 14. Tattooing ○ Biological Pathology: Deviance results from physical illness, malfunctions, or MODES OF ADAPTATION deformities. 2. Social Disorganization Modes of Societal Goals Approved Adaptation Means ○ Cultural conflict suggests that deviant and criminal behavior results when two 1. Conformist Accept Accept normative systems come into contact. Member expectations in one system differ 2. Innovator Accept Reject from those of the other, thus, actions 3. Ritualist Reject Accept outside the dominant normative system appear deviant. Social disorganization can 4. Retreatist Reject Reject also occur when adherence to cultural expectations does not yield anticipated 5. Rebel Reject and Reject and Substitute New Substitute consequences. When the normative Goals New Means system does not function, an obvious solution is to work outside the system. 1. Conformist: A person who accepts both societal 3. Labeling Theory goals and the approved means to achieve them. ○ The labeling theory of deviant behavior suggests that what defines deviance is the 2. Innovator: A person who seeks to achieve goals action of others or by the actors through means that are not socially approved. themselves. The crucial variable here is the power of the labeler. If the individual or 3. Ritualist: A person who follows norms but group is not powerful enough to effectively abandons the hope of achieving societal goals. affix the deviant label on a person 4. Retreatist: A person who rejects both societal displaying out-of-the-ordinary behavior, goals and institutionalized means. then no consequence will likely follow. 4. Value Conflict 5. Rebel: A person who rejects societal goals and ○ This theory holds that acts are considered means, substituting them with new goals and criminal or deviant because they are at methods. variance with a group’s values. There is also an assumption that what is valued by one group is not valued by another. The ultimate determinant, then, of whether an UNIT 4: BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights LESSON 3: HUMAN DIGNITY, RIGHTS, AND THE without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, COMMON GOOD interdependent, and indivisible. MAN AS A MEMBER OF A POLITICAL Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the forms of treaties, customary COMMUNITY international law, general principles, and other sources of A member of a political community should internalize the international law. International human rights law lays Preamble of the Constitution by heart. down obligations of governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups. The Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution states: Every member of society deserves human dignity. Human dignity refers to an individual or group's sense of We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring self-respect and self-worth, as well as physical and the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a psychological integrity and empowerment. Moral, ethical, just and humane society, and establish a legal, and political discussions use the concept of dignity Government that shall embody our ideals to express the idea that every person has an innate right and aspirations, promote the common good, to be valued, respected, and to receive ethical treatment. conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, As citizens, we always think of promoting the common justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, good or general welfare. A responsible citizen promotes do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. the common good by obeying the law, paying taxes honestly, informing themselves about important political Every individual is part of a society that essentially forms issues, volunteering in the community, and respecting a body politic called the state or government, which the rights and opinions of others. guarantees the rights and duties of its citizens as enshrined in the Constitution. A responsible citizen is willing to sacrifice personal interests for the collective good of the nation. They CITIZENSHIP remember their civic duties and serve their country despite any discomfort such actions might bring. Citizenship has been defined as “membership in a political community which is personal and more or less Responsible citizens obey the law. A harmonious society permanent in character.” It is the status or character of has order. Every citizen implicitly consents to maintaining being a citizen. A citizen of a given state or country is social order by upholding the law even when they do not one who owes it permanent allegiance and is entitled to like it. If they believe a law is unfair, they resort to the its protection on the basis of the legal and political political process to change it in the manner society conception of citizenship. Thus, being a citizen prescribes. necessarily entails the assertion of one’s rights and privileges and conversely, an unwavering performance of Good citizens are familiar with politics and keep the one's duties and obligations to the government. government accountable by staying informed about its latest proceedings. They wisely exercise their right to The Constitution recognizes the human rights of every vote so that able, honest individuals are elected to citizen as enumerated in the Bill of Rights. These include government positions. natural rights, civil rights, political rights, economic rights, as well as the rights of the accused before, during, and Responsible citizens volunteer in the community. When after trial. they see a need, they do not idly wait for someone else (like the government) to address it. They lend a hand, Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, selflessly offering their time, effort, and resources. regardless of nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other Responsible citizens respect the rights and opinions of GROUPS ACCORDING TO SOCIAL TIES others and do not use force or abuse the government to silence people with differing views, as such actions PRIMARY GROUP undermine a free society. The primary group represents the basic universal human Responsible citizens listen to others with sincerity and relationship, characterized by intimate, personal, work with fellow citizens to find the best solutions to "face-to-face" relationships. Its traits include: problems. Bonds of tenderness, sympathy, and mutual interest. A strong sense of "we" feeling. UNIT 5: GROUPS LESSON 1: PRIMARY AND A setting for internalizing values such as social, SECONDARY GROUPS religious, political, economic, and moral beliefs. Referred to as the "nursery of human nature." GROUP Examples of Primary Groups: Man by nature is a social being. As such, he needs others to satisfy his psychological, social, and biological 1. Family needs. To a large extent, man’s personality is determined ○ Composed of people united by blood ties by the kind of experiences he has with the different (consanguinity) or adoption. groups of which he is a member. ○ Provides rearing for children and fulfills their needs. What is a group? ○ Typically includes grandparents, parents, A social group is a unit of interacting personalities with children, and others living under one roof interdependence of roles and statuses existing among in love and unity. them. It is a collection of people whose members interact ○ The oldest social institution and the basic with each other according to the positions they occupy unit of society. and the roles they are expected to perform. ○ It is in the family where there is an interlocking network of interpersonal and CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUPS interdependent relationships 2. Neighborhood 1. Members interact with each other over a period of ○ A geographically localized community time and influence one another through where face-to-face interactions occur. communication. ○ Facilitates the realization of common 2. Each member identifies with the group and is values, youth socialization, and social recognized as part of it by others. control. 3. Members are entitled to certain privileges and are ○ Example: Bayanihan (Filipino culture) expected to accept specific responsibilities and A community spirit demonstrated duties. when neighbors help each other, 4. Specialization or specific roles exist among such as moving a traditional members within the group. bahay-kubo by carrying it together. TYPES OF GROUPS 3. Peer Group ○ Composed of members of similar age with Contemporary sociologists classify groups into four a loosely organized structure (e.g., gang, categories: barkada, tropa). ○ Plays a critical role in the socialization and According to the Nature of Social Ties personality development of children. According to Self-Identification ○ Influences norms, values, interests, According to Purpose activities, style, and prerogatives of According to Social Organization members. ○ “tell me who your friends and I will tell you who you are.” SECONDARY GROUP with the out-group. The In-Group is a group in which an individual identifies himself and is given a sense of The secondary group is one an individual interacts with belongingness. It can be as small as the family or as big later in life. Its features include: as the nation. It is in this group that the individual learns to use “my” and “we.” Impersonal, business-like, contractual, formal, and casual relationships. The Out-Group is a group towards which one has a Larger in size and of shorter duration compared feeling of indifference, strangeness, avoidance, and to primary groups. dislike. It refers to the members’ position in reference to Physical and spatial distance among members. another group or to a group where they do not belong. Persons engage in secondary interactions because people need other people and because SOCIAL GROUP: ACCORDING TO PURPOSE they have certain obligations toward them 1. Task Group is a group of persons formed to Functions of Secondary Groups: accomplish jobs, tasks, or obligations. It is similar to a work group but operates within a larger Serve specific purposes, with roles being more organizational context. A task group is charged interchangeable. with the responsibility for making a specific Membership is based on personal choice, contribution to the goals of the parent interests, and activities. organization. They are where many people can meet close 2. Relationship Group is a group of persons formed friends or people they would just call to fulfill the feeling of companionship. It is similar acquaintances. to a “barkada” or peer group. Involve explicit exchanges like labor for wages or 3. Influence Group is a group of persons formed to services for payments. support a particular cause or ideology. Examples are political parties or campaign groups. Examples of Secondary Groups: SOCIAL GROUP: ACCORDING TO SOCIAL 1. Employer-Employee Relationships ORGANIZATION 2. Vendor-Client Relationships 3. Doctor-Patient Relationships 1. Gemeinschaft is a social system in which most 4. Mechanic-Client Relationships relationships are personal or traditional, and often 5. Accountant Offices both. It is composed of many primary groups. Its 6. Drugstores structure is referred to as “community.” 7. University Classes 2. Gesellschaft is a society of bargaining and 8. Athletic Teams contract. Relationships are individualistic, 9. Workers in an Office impersonal, formal, contractual, and realistic. This is also referred to as “society.” WHAT IS PEER PRESSURE? UNIT 5 GROUPS Peer pressure is a social pressure by members of one's LESSON 2: IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS peer group to take a certain action, adopt certain values, or otherwise conform in order to be accepted. It is normal SOCIAL GROUP: ACCORDING TO to want to belong and feel part of a group. There is SELF-IDENTIFICATION nothing wrong with having good friendships. However, IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS choosing who our friends are is an integral aspect of It is a well-known principle in social psychology that friendship. There is a downside to seeking out good people define themselves in terms of social groupings relationships. and are quick to denigrate others who don't fit into those groups. Others who share our particular qualities are our "in-group," and those who do not are our "out-group." In-groups are social groups to which an individual feels he or she belongs, while an individual doesn't identify UNIT 5 GROUPS reference groups include: Families, a group of local LESSON 3: REFERENCE GROUPS mothers, peer groups. Formal reference groups have a specific goal or mission. REFERENCE GROUP They also have a specific structure and positions of Reference group is a group to which the individual refers authority. Examples of formal reference groups include: and with whom he identifies either consciously or Labor unions, Greenpeace, PlanetSavers unconsciously. It serves as a model to which the individual patterns his lifestyle. It can be a primary group, REFERENCE GROUPS PERFORM THREE BASIC status group, or a professional association, etc. The FUNCTIONS individual may or may not be a member of this group. 1. They serve a normative function by setting and Example of this group: A group of doctors may serve as enforcing standards of conduct and belief. “The a reference to an individual who wants to become a significant thing about a reference group is, in doctor. fact, that its norms provide frames of reference which actually influence the attitude and behavior A reference group is a group to which we compare of a person.” (T. Newcomb, 1953) ourselves. Reference groups, such as college freshmen, 2. They also perform a comparison function by serve as a standard to which we measure our behaviors serving as a standard against which people can and attitudes. We use reference groups in order to guide measure themselves and others. our behavior and attitudes and help us to identify social 3. They serve not only as sources of current norms. evaluation but also as sources of aspiration and For example, suppose that Susie is a 13-year-old female goal attainment (as a means of anticipatory who transfers to a new school. Susie may pay attention socialization). A person who chooses to become to what her schoolmates wear, how they speak, where a professor or a lawyer begins to identify with that they hang out, and how they behave. Susie then takes group and becomes socialized to have certain this information and uses it in order to modify her goals and expectations. speech, determine what she wears to school, how she Embracing the norms of a reference group and does her hair, which shows to watch on television, etc. expressing them ourselves is how we achieve important A group that we have been a part of in the past or that connections with others that lead to social we will be a part of in the future can serve as a reference acceptance—doing so is how we "fit in" and achieve a group. A married man may still look to his single friends sense of belonging. Conversely, those of us who either as a reference group, even though this is a group that he can't or choose not to embrace and express the norms of no longer belongs to. In the same token, a woman reference groups that are expected of us might be seen pregnant with her first child may use women with children as outcasts, criminals, or in other cases, revolutionaries as a reference group, even though she does not yet or trendsetters. belong to this group. It is important to note that a majority of us rely on multiple reference groups. So, Susie may not only look to her UNIT 5 GROUPS schoolmates to identify social norms, but also her LESSON 4: SOCIAL NETWORKS favorite singers to compare her body size to see if she is of normal weight. SOCIAL NETWORK A social network is a social structure that exists between INFORMAL & FORMAL REFERENCE actors—individuals or organizations. It indicates the way GROUPS people and organizations are connected through various Most reference groups are informal reference groups, social relationships, ranging from casual acquaintances which means that they are based on the group members' to close familial bonds. Social networks consist of nodes shared interests and goals. Informal groups are not and ties. A node refers to the individual or organization structured with a specific goal in mind. Group members participating in the network. Ties represent the interact on a very personal level. Examples of informal connections between these nodes, which can be assessed in terms of strength. Loose connections, such as acquaintances, are considered weak ties, while strong variety of issues. Social media has become integral in ties, like family bonds, are considered strong ties. connecting the world. The study of social networks is referred to as either The importance of social media is undeniable, social network analysis or social network theory. particularly in a world where fame is no longer limited to Research suggests that social networks operate on celebrities in movies, sports, or politics. Social media has many levels—from familial to national—and play a critical given rise to a new category of celebrities, known as role in solving problems, running organizations, and social media celebrities. People with unique talents or determining individual success in achieving goals. knowledge no longer need a major breakthrough to be noticed; with talent and the right platform, anyone can Social network theory posits that individual traits and find an audience. For example, a video of a toddler and characteristics often presumed to be significant matter her mother singing a song from a Disney movie went less than an individual's relationships and ties to others viral and made them celebrities overnight, with over 4 in the network. Critics argue that this perspective million views in just a few days. reduces the power and agency of the individual. Despite these criticisms, sociologists study social networks due Social media has also played a crucial role in raising to their influence on individuals, as they are seen as the awareness of important social issues. Campaigns like primary tool for connecting to society. breast cancer awareness on Instagram and viral YouTube videos, such as one by Alia Bhatt discussing SOCIAL NETWORK THEORY girls’ safety, have brought previously ignored issues into Social Network Theory examines how people, the spotlight. Social media has allowed the general organizations, or groups interact with others within their public to discuss uncomfortable topics, helping society network. To understand the theory, it's helpful to look at make significant progress toward addressing real-world individual components starting from the largest element, problems. which is the network, down to the smallest, which is the actor. Aside from social influence, social media has a commercial impact. Due to its massive audience, it has There are three types of social networks that social become an effective platform for advertising and scientists explore: marketing. Many businesses use social media to connect with target customers and serve them better. For 1. Ego-centric networks: These are connected to a instance, major companies now host Facebook and single node or individual. For example, you, the Twitter pages to engage with their audience. Hence, node, are connected to your close friends. social media plays a significant role in shaping the world 2. Socio-centric networks: These are closed we live in. networks by default, such as children in a classroom or workers within an organization. 3. Open-system networks: These networks lack clearly defined boundaries, such as the elite class, connections between corporations, or the chain of influencers in a particular decision. Due to the lack of clear boundaries, this type of network is the most difficult to study. SOCIAL MEDIA Social media is often referred to as the fourth pillar of democracy, providing a platform where the emotions of a democratic nation can be expressed. It plays a significant role in amplifying the public voice, especially for those who may not have easy access to mainstream media. Social media includes various tools used by the public to interact with society. Popular platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, and Google+, as well as private forums, allow people to engage with others on a KINSHIP. Types of Marriages: Kinship refers to relationships based on blood or 1. Polygamy – A marriage in which one man has marriage. Every society defines the nature of kinship multiple wives. interactions by determining which kin are socially ○ Polygyny – One man married to several significant, the terms for classifying kin, and the expected women. behaviors between them. ○ Polyandry – One woman married to several men (less common). Types of Kinship: 2. Monogamy – A marriage between one man and one woman. Serial Monogamy refers to 1. Fictive Kinship – relationships that are NOT marrying multiple partners sequentially but not based on blood or marriage. simultaneously. 2. Consanguineal Kin – kinship based on blood 3. Group Marriage – A marriage involving multiple relations. men and women, where all husbands and wives 3. Affinal Kin – kinship based on marriage. share equal rights and responsibilities, and children are considered part of the entire group. Kinship can refer to both the patterns of social relationships and the study of those patterns across KINSHIP BY RITUAL cultures, incorporating concepts such as descent, descent groups, lineage, affinity, and consanguinity. Ritual kinship, such as godparenthood, is significant in strengthening kinship ties. In many cultures, KINSHIP BY BLOOD godparents are chosen for a child’s baptism, confirmation, or marriage. Descent refers to a group whose membership is determined by common ancestry (real or mythical). Godparents are expected to assist in the child’s upbringing if the parents are unable to do so. Unilineal Descent refers to membership based The relationship between godparents on either patrilineal (father’s line) or matrilineal (co-parents) is more socially significant than that (mother’s line) descent. between godparents and the child, and it is Cognatic Descent refers to a group with considered a grave offense if the co-parents common descent from either male or female quarrel or break their ties. ancestors. The tie between co-parents and godparents is seen as enduring, even through the death of the KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE godchild. Marriage is an institution that formalizes the VARIATION IN FAMILY PATTERNS relationship between a man and a woman, outlining their rights, duties, and privileges towards each other, Based on Internal Organization: their children, relatives, and society. 1. Conjugal Family – A nuclear family of adult Religious View – Marriage is a sacrament and partners and their children, with emotional bonds inviolable, ending only upon the death of one as the primary connection, and extended family spouse. ties are less significant. Legal View – Marriage is a contract between a 2. Extended Family – Includes additional relatives man and a woman, forming a partnership for such as aunts, uncles, and grandparents, mutual rights and duties. typically consisting of two or more nuclear The marriage relationship begins with a wedding families living together. or holy matrimony and involves a contract, either written or traditional, that defines the Based on Origin: partners' obligations. Religious or Civil wedding 1. Family of Orientation – The family into which an individual is born and raised.  2. Family of Pro-creation – The family an groups by manipulating the democratic system. individual creates upon marriage and having Politicians seem to put more trust in their own family children. members than others, because they are unlikely to betray them. Based on Descent: 1. Patrilineal Family – Members trace their relationships and affiliations through the father's side. 2. Matrilineal Family – Members trace their relationships and affiliations through the mother's side. 3. Bilateral Family – Members trace their relationships and affiliations through both parents. Based on Who Wields Power: 1. Patriarchal Family – Family authority is vested in the oldest male member (patriarch). 2. Matriarchal Family – Family authority is exercised by the mother (matriarch). 3. Egalitarian Family – Both husband and wife share equal authority. Based on Residence: 1. Patrilocal – The newlyweds live with or near the groom’s parents. 2. Matrilocal – The newlyweds live with or near the bride’s parents. 3. Bilocal – The couple chooses to live with either the groom or bride’s parents. 4. Neolocal – The couple resides independently of either parent's household. 5. Avunculocal – The couple lives with or near the groom’s maternal uncle. POLITICS OF KINSHIP Kinship politics is built based on the classic political principle “blood is thicker than water.” It asserts that power should be distributed among family members. For the sake of family security, power should not be seized from those who have kinship connections and must be circulated only among those who are tied by blood. The concept gave rise to political dynasties – the rule of families in the political arena. The concept is accepted by reference to the fact that politics is often replete with adversity, conflict, and betrayal, known as the Brutus syndrome. Not surprisingly, even within the system of modern democracy, most of Philippines’ politicians prefer to bestow political power on their kin