Appendicular Skeleton - Anatomy PDF

Appendicular skeleton Karyne N. Rabey, Ph.D. (she/her) Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery [email protected]  Objectives Finish exploring vertebral column & thoracic cage Explore the functions of the appendicular skeleton...

Appendicular skeleton Karyne N. Rabey, Ph.D. (she/her) Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery [email protected]  Objectives Finish exploring vertebral column & thoracic cage Explore the functions of the appendicular skeleton Identify the bones of the: Pectoral girdle Upper extremities Pelvic girdle Lower extremities Describe the joints of the extremities & their movements  Thoracic vertebrae (12) & joints Superior view Lateral view Heart shaped body, smaller vertebral foramen, support weight of head & upper limbs Costovertebral joint: two synovial joints between thoracic vertebra & associated rib (coastal facets) – allows the rib to move during respiration by changing thoracic volume Thoracic (zygapophysial) joints: vertical synovial joints, some rotation & lateral flexion of the trunk What makes up the thoracic cage? Sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process) Ribs & costal cartilage Manubrium (hyaline cartilage) Thoracic vertebrae Body Xiphoid process  Thoracic cage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * * Costal cartilages (hyaline cartilage) Ribs 1-7 (true ribs to a costal cartilage) Ribs 8-10 (false ribs to costal margin) Ribs 11-12 (floating ribs – no costal cartilage) Ribs (12 pairs) (vein, artery, nerve)  Lumbar vertebrae (5) Lateral view Large as they support the weight of the body Large processes for strong muscles, small vertebral foramen Lumbar (zygapophysial) joints: curved synovial joints (flexion & extension, lateral flexion, rotation of the trunk)  Herniation X: herniated intervertebral disc compressing a spinal nerve X 1: Annulus fibrosus 1 Fibrocartilage Hyaline-like cartilage 2 2: Nucleus pulposus Intervertebral discs Superior view Lateral view (healthy)  Sacrum (1) & Coccyx (1) Sacral promontory (articulates with L5) Sacral promontory (articulates with L5) Auricular surface (articulates with pelvis – Sacrum strong synovial joint called sacroiliac [SI] joint) Coccyx Anterior view Lateral view  Functional roles of the appendicular skeleton 1. Allows for completion of daily tasks such as dressing up, eating, writing, using a smart phone, etc. 2. Allows for adjustments in body posture 3. Allows for mobility of the body Components of the appendicular skeleton Skeleton (206) Appendicular skeleton (126) Axial skeleton (80) Clavicle (2) Pectoral girdle (4) Scapula (2) Humerus (2) Upper limbs (60) Radius (2) Ulna (2) Pelvic girdle (2) Carpals (16) Hip bones (2) Metacarpals (10) Phalanges (28) Femur (2) Tibia (2) Patella (2) Lower limbs (60) Fibula (2) Tarsals (14) Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (28) Organization of the appendicular skeleton Pectoral/Pelvic girdle Arm/Thigh Forearm/Leg Hand/Foot  Upper limb - Clavicle 2 1 Superior view Both joints are synovial: Provide stability with limited (but key) movements 2 1 Inferior view 2: Acromial (lateral) end: 1: Sternal (medial) end: acromioclavicular joint sternoclavicular joint Joints & movements of the pectoral girdle Anterior view Superior view Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint (passive joint) Rib 1 & 2 Clavicle Ligaments Sternal end Articular disc: Manubrium of fibrocartilage (biaxial the sternum joint) Articular cartilage forming synovial Anterior view joint Coastal cartilage (hyaline)  Upper limb - Scapula 6 9 3 9 6 1. Vertebral (medial) border 10 4 2. Axillary (lateral) border 1 2 2 3. Superior border 4. Subscapular fossa (lies on the thoracic cage) Anterior view Lateral view 5. Scapular spine 9 6 6. Acromion 3 7 7. Supraspinous fossa 5 1 8. Infraspinous fossa 8 2 9. Coracoid process 10. Glenoid fossa (articular Posterior view surface) Inferior angle  Upper limb - Humerus 2 3 1 1 2 4 1. Humeral head (articular surface) Superior/ 2. Greater tubercle proximal 3. Lesser tubercle 5 5 4. Intertubercular sulcus 5. Deltoid tuberosity 6. Medial epicondyle 7. Lateral epicondyle 8. Olecranon fossa Inferior/distal 9. Capitulum (articular surface) Humeral 9 10 6 6 8 7 10 10. Trochlea condyle Anterior view Posterior view (articular surface)  Shoulder joint & movements Anterior view Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint = synovial ball & socket joint Allows movement in multiple planes (flexion/extension/abduction/adduction/ lateral & medial rotation/circumduction of the shoulder)  Shoulder joint & injury Sagittal view Humeral Transverse view head * Joint capsule of glenohumeral joint is weak; reinforced by four shoulder muscles (rotator cuff muscles) * Inferior dislocation most common (nothing protecting the joint at the axilla - armpit)  Upper limb - Radius & Ulna 1 3 4 2 4 1. Trochlear notch (articular surface) 5 2. Coronoid process Superior/ proximal 3. Olecranon Radius Ulna 4. Radial head (articular surface) 5. Radial tuberosity 8 8 6. Radial styloid process Lateral Medial 7. Ulnar styloid process Inferior/ 8. Interosseous membrane distal (syndesmosis) 6 7 7 6 Anterior view Posterior view  Anterior view Elbow joints & movements Joint between trochlea Humerus (humerus) & trochlear notch (ulna) = Hinge joint (synovial uniaxial) Ulna Lateral view Allows flexion/extension Radius of forearm Humerus Joint between capitulum (humerus) & radial head (radius) = Pivot joint (synovial uniaxial) Ulna Allows pronation/supination of forearm Anterior view Posterior view  Upper limb - Hand Radius & Ulna = proximal 1. Scaphoid 2 4 2. Lunate 1 1-8 = carpals 2 1 Proximal row 5 6 7 8 3 (articulate with 8 7 65 3. Triquetrum bones of the M forearm) M 4. Pisiform M M M M M M M M 5. Trapezium P P 6. Trapezoid P Distal row P P 7. Capitate (articulate with P Proximal metacarpals) Digit 1 8. Hamate P Middle P M: Metacarpal (5) P Distal P P: Phalanx (phalanges – 14) Anterior view Posterior view Joints & movements of the wrist Anterior view Joint between radius & scaphoid = condylar joint (synovial biaxial) Allows flexion/extension & abduction(radial deviation)/ adduction (ulnar deviation) of hand  Joint & movements of the digits Anterior view Joints between phalanges = hinge joints (synovial uniaxial) Allows flexion/extension of the digits Flexion Joints between carpals = plane Extension joints (synovial) Digits Allows slight motions Joints between metacarpals & phalanges = condylar joints (synovial biaxial) Allows flexion/extension & abduction/ adduction of the digits Anterior view Adduction/Abduction: 3rd digit for hand line of reference  Joint & movements at the thumb Anterior view Allows for opposition of thumb (in addition to flexion/extension & Joint between trapezium & 1st metacarpal = adduction/abduction) saddle-shaped joint (synovial specialized biaxial) Movements of the thumb  Lower Limb – Os coxae 1. Ilium (superior) 2. Ischium (posterior) 3. Pubis (anterior) Superior 4. Acetabulum (articular 5 5 surface) 5. Iliac crest 1 1 6 6 7 6. Anterior superior 8 iliac spine (ASIS) 9 7. Iliac fossa 9 4 8. Auricular surface 10 10 (articular surface) 2 9. Greater sciatic 3 3 2 notch 11 12 10. Ischial spine Inferior 11. Ischial tuberosity Lateral view Medial view 12. Pubic symphysis (articular surface)  Lower Limb - Femur 1 1 3 3 1. Femoral head (articular surface) 2 2 5 4 2. Femoral neck 4 6 Superior/proximal 3. Greater trochanter 4. Lesser trochanter 5. Intertrochanteric line (anterior) 7 Note: posterior = crest 6. Gluteal tuberosity 7. Linea aspera 8. Medial condyle of the femur (articular surface) 9. Lateral condyle of the femur Inferior/distal (articular surface) 9 9 10. Patellar surface (articular surface) 10 8 8 Anterior view Posterior view Hip joint & movements Hip joint = ball & socket joint (synovial multiaxial)  Hip joint & injury X X: capsule of hip joint is reinforced anteriorly Intertrochanteric line by the iliofemoral ligament (important for upright Anterior view posture) Unlike the shoulder joint, the hip has more reinforcements due to high demands from body weight Posterior view  Lower Limb - Tibia & Fibula 2 1 1 2 1. Medial condyle of the tibia 4 3 4 (articular surface) Superior/ proximal 2. Lateral condyle of the tibia (articular surface) Tibia (medial) Fibula 3. Tibial tuberosity (lateral) 4. Head of fibula (articular 7 7 surface) 5. Medial malleolus (tibia – articular surface) 6. Lateral malleolus (fibula – articular surface) Inferior/ distal 7. Interosseous membrane 5 (syndesmosis) 6 5 6 Anterior view Posterior view  Knee joint & movements femur 1. Patella 2 2. Quadriceps tendon (muscle to bone) 2 1 femur 3. Patellar ligament (bone to 1 bone) 4 4 3 3 4. Meniscus (fibrocartilage) tibia Knee joint = (modified) hinge joint (synovial biaxial) fibula tibia Allows flexion/extension of leg Anterior view Sagittal view Slight rotation  Knee ligaments & injuries 1. Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) femur 2. Medial collateral ligament (MCL) 3. Lateral meniscus 4. Medial meniscus 5 6 5. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) 2 1 3 4 6. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tibia patella femur * *ACL tear tibia fibula Right knee (flexed) - anterior view Sagittal view  Lower limb - Foot P Digit 1 1. Talus 2 P P P 1 2. Calcaneus P 3. Navicular 4 3 Tarsals 5 M (7) 5 4. Cuboid MM 5 Medial M M MM MM 5. Cuneiforms (3: 5 5 Proximal M medial, intermediate, 4 3 lateral) 1 Middle M: Metatarsal (5) P 2 Distal P P: Phalanx (phalanges – 14) P P P Dorsal view Plantar view  Foot joints & movements Ti: tibia Ta: talus Ca: calcaneus Ti Na: navicular Ta Ca Na Sagittal view * Joint between tibia & talus (ankle joint) = hinge joint (synovial uniaxial) Allows plantarflexion/dorsiflexion of foot * Joint between talus & navicular (subnavicular/talonavicular joint) = condylar joint (synovial biaxial) Allows inversion/eversion of foot (combination of movements)  Injuries of the talo-navicular joint Most commonly injured joint in the body: most are inversion injuries involve stretching of fibular ligament(s) - can result in fractures of the lateral malleolus  Joint & movements of the digits Joints between other tarsals = plane joints (synovial) Allows slight motions Joints between metatarsals & phalanges = condylar joints (synovial biaxial) Allows flexion/extension & abduction/ adduction of the digits Flexion Extension Plantar/inferior view Joints between phalanges = hinge joints (uniaxial) Allows flexion/extension of the digits Adduction/Abduction: 2nd digit for foot line of reference Abduction Adduction Plantar/inferior view Terms of Use Students of the University of Alberta may display, download, or print slides and images associated with this presentation for personal and educational use only. 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