Biomolecules II - PDF

Biomolecules II What’s left this week Today - Biomolecules Quiz opens TONIGHT This Week - Tour of the Cell :) Next Wednesday - Lecture Exam 1, review guide by end of week Today’s Objectives Nucleic Acids Proteins Macromolecules Worksheet Macromolecule Structure Most macromolecules are chains of s...

Biomolecules II What’s left this week Today - Biomolecules Quiz opens TONIGHT This Week - Tour of the Cell :) Next Wednesday - Lecture Exam 1, review guide by end of week Today’s Objectives Nucleic Acids Proteins Macromolecules Worksheet Macromolecule Structure Most macromolecules are chains of smaller molecular units, linked together. Smaller unit: monomer (mono = single) Chain: polymer (poly = many) Fusing macromolecules When monomers (or polymers) fuse together, it’s called dehydration synthesis. Dehydration: losing water Synthesis: putting together Splitting macromolecules When monomers (or polymers) split apart, it’s called a hydrolysis reaction. Hydro: water Lysis: splitting Reverse of a DS reaction Nucleic Acids DNA & RNA Most complex of macromolecules, which makes sense. Stores info on how to build proteins so cells can grow, function, and replicate. Nucleic Acids Monomer = ?? Polymer = ?? Dehydration synthesis = ?? Nucleic Acids Monomer = nucleotide Polymer = ?? Dehydration synthesis = ?? Nucleic Acids Monomer = nucleotide Polymer = polynucleotide Dehydration synthesis = ?? Nucleic Acids Monomer = nucleotide Polymer = polynucleotide Dehydration synthesis = phosphodiester bond Nucleic Acids Nucleotides are made of: - Phosphate - Sugar (DNA v RNA) - Nitrogenous base (A,T,C,G) Sugar & nitrogenous base both look like rings, but nitrogenous bases have nitrogen in them!  B o nd er di est sp ho P h o Nucleotide Polynucleotide  Thymine Guanine Cytosine Adenine Sugar-Phosphate Nitrogenous Backbone Bases  Thymine If we were to Guanine read off this DNA strand, it would Cytosine read: TGCA Adenine Sugar-Phosphate Nitrogenous Backbone Bases Thymine Guanine Purines Cytosine Adenine “Pure As Gold” Thymine Pyrimidines Guanine Cytosine Adenine A polynucleotide is just one strand, but DNA is double stranded. How does the other strand fit in? Strands are aligned so their nitrogenous bases are paired up with hydrogen bonds. Strands are aligned so their nitrogenous bases are paired up with hydrogen bonds. RULES: C pairs with G A pairs with T Strands are aligned so their nitrogenous bases are paired up with hydrogen bonds. RULES: C pairs with G A pairs with T Always a purine with a pyrimidine. Why? RULES: C pairs with G A pairs with T C,G: 3 Hydrogen Bonds A,T: 2 Hydrogen Bonds Chargaff: Scientist who studied the proportions of nitrogenous bases. Chargaff’s Rule(s): %A = %T %C = %G %Purine = %Pyrimidine Strands also face opposite directions (look at the blue sugar molecules). We call this antiparallel. Parallel, but going opposite directions. Proteins Have multiple levels of structure Make up most of the complex structures in cells Proteins Look like branching chains with Nitrogen Proteins Monomer = ?? Polymer = ?? Dehydration synthesis = ?? Proteins Monomer = amino acid Polymer = ?? Dehydration synthesis = ?? Proteins Monomer = amino acid Polymer = polypeptide Dehydration synthesis = ?? Proteins Monomer = amino acid Polymer = polypeptide Dehydration synthesis = peptide bond Amino Acid Structure Amino Acid Structure Amino Acid Structure Amino Acid Structure Amino Acid Structure Remember: Structure → Function Side Chain (R) → Amino Acid Name & Function Amino Acids 20 different amino acids, each with slightly different functions Amino Acid Structure Similar to lipids, the carboxyl group becomes a carbonyl group after dehydration. Look at the chain: NCC NCC … Proteins Four different levels of structure: 1. Primary 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary 4. Quaternary Zoom out and get more complex as we go. Primary Structure Order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain: Asn - Gly - Phe (etc.) Peptide bonds (covalent) Secondary Structure How the polypeptide chain folds/wraps around itself. Connected with hydrogen bonds. Form alpha helices (i.e. spirals) and/or beta pleated sheets (i.e. folds). Secondary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure How the helices and sheets of a polypeptide interact with each other – more folding! Also held together with hydrogen bonds. Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure How separate polypeptides fold together to create a protein. Also held together with hydrogen bonds. Quaternary Structure Practice Worksheet (on Canvas) Identify & label each macromolecule component (in detail) Which would you need to make the following? 1. Carbohydrate – starch 2. Lipid – saturated fat 3. Protein – must include 3 amino acids 4. Nucleic Acid – a nucleotide of guanine (RNA or DNA?) Draw and label the resulting macromolecules. Label which dehydration synthesis reaction would have occurred to form the macromolecule.