4.24 The Enlightenment Part II.pdf

The Enlightenment Part Two Denis Diderot’s Encyclopedia of 1751 - A collection of articles from different enlightenment writers - Angered the government, aristocracy, and the Church - The Salon of Marie Therese Geoffrin was the most influential, she financed it - Many were owned and run by wealthy w...

The Enlightenment Part Two Denis Diderot’s Encyclopedia of 1751 - A collection of articles from different enlightenment writers - Angered the government, aristocracy, and the Church - The Salon of Marie Therese Geoffrin was the most influential, she financed it - Many were owned and run by wealthy women in France - The Salons spreads the ideas of the enlightenment as did the books containing enlightenment ideas Neoclassicism style of art emerged from the Baroque style of art of the 1600s and 1700s. - Baroque was ornate like the Palace of Versailles - Neoclassicism was more elegant and simple and emerged in the late 1700s Changes in Music and Literature The Baroque style of music, often religious: George Friedrich Handel’s Messiah, Johann Sebastian Bach’s Masses and organ music, In the 1700s music evolved into the Classical era of Music - Franz Joseph Haydn - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Ludwig Van Beethoven In literature, Novels began to be more widely written - More popular with the middle class because of the entertaining and relatable stories - It caught on… Many philosophes believed a monarchy was the best form of government - A monarch who respected the people’s rights - Philosophers tried to inspire monarchs to Rule justly Frederick (the Great) II of Prussia (r. 1740-1786) - He granted religious freedom, improved education and reformed the justice system, eliminated torture: “First Servant of the State” The Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria (1780-1790) - He eliminated serfdom, peasants had to be paid in cash, religious freedom, freedom of the press Catherine II, the Great of Russia (1762-1796) - Exchanged letters with Voltaire - She used Montesquieu and Beccaria to try to reform the laws and justice system of Russia She brutally put down a peasants’ revolt which changed her mind about eliminating serfdom - She expanded her borders west into Poland, the Black Sea nad won wars against the Ottoman Empire Mary Wollstonecraft and other women wrote papers against the writings of Rousseau Rousseau believed that a woman’s education should be secondary to men’s, - Women should be be a good mother and wife… misogynistic beliefs continued…