414 Study Guide Final 2024 PDF

\~80 multiple-choice questions + 5-10 short questions. You will need a calculator. Ch2 Steps of mitosis and meiosis. What happens in each step? Chromosome number and shape in each step. oogenesis and spermatogenesis in humans. Ch3 and 4 law of segregation and law of independent assortment. How...

\~80 multiple-choice questions + 5-10 short questions. You will need a calculator. Ch2 Steps of mitosis and meiosis. What happens in each step? Chromosome number and shape in each step. oogenesis and spermatogenesis in humans. Ch3 and 4 law of segregation and law of independent assortment. How to do monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, and testcross. How to do or use binomial theorem, Chi-square analysis, and pedigree analysis **Ch5** How to calculate recombination frequency to determine the distance between two genes. The principle of the three-point cross, and how to apply it to draw a map Ch6 What is the time mapping? How to map phage genes (example: *h*^+^*r* and *hr*^+^ in T2) Ch.7 and 8 How does non-disjunction lead to the production of abnormal chromosome numbers? What is the dosage compensation, and how is it related to Barr bodies? Which part of Y chromosome and determines the maleness in humans? What are Down, Kleinfelter, Turner, Fragile-x, and Cri du chat syndrome? Ch9. What are mtDNA and cpDNA? What are maternal effect and mitochondrial swapping? Ch10, Ch11. Structure of DNA and RNA nucleotides The steps of DNA replication What are Holliday structure and gene conversion? Ch. 13 The steps of transcription and the direction of RNA synthesis and template reading The post-transcriptional modification of eukaryotic mRNA Ch. 14 The steps of translation and the direction of mRNA and polypeptide during translation. Ch. 15 **What are point, missense, nonsense, silent, and frameshift mutations?** **Ch. 16** **Regulation of *lac* operon and types of *lac* mutants** **Ch. 17** **How do transcription factors, activators, repressors, enhancers, and silencers regulate genes in eukaryotes?** **Ch.20** **Steps of DNA cloning** **How do PCR, cDNA library, gel electrophoresis, Sanger sequencing work?** Ch. 21 What's the function of restriction enzymes? (Watch the video clip on moodle.) How does shot-gun genome sequencing work? Composition of human genome Ch. 22 How is genetics applied to vaccines, GMO plants (such as Flavr Savr, arctic apple), GMO animals, gene therapy Watch the GMO plant video. Vocab: agrobacterium Special topics: CRISPR**, precision medicine, CAR-T therapy.**