Organic Compounds Structure PDF

Biochemistry Study of chemical composition and reactions occurring in living matter Inorganic Compounds Do not contain carbon Exceptions - CO2, CO, bicarbonates Water is the most abundant and important inorganic material, making up 60% - 80% of all cells and...

Biochemistry Study of chemical composition and reactions occurring in living matter Inorganic Compounds Do not contain carbon Exceptions - CO2, CO, bicarbonates Water is the most abundant and important inorganic material, making up 60% - 80% of all cells and 2/3 of body weight  Organic Compounds Contain the element carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbon is found in things that are or once were living. Carbon atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds.  Organic Compounds Organic compounds are composed of hundreds to thousands of individual molecules. – The single molecules in a polymer are called monomers.  Organic Compounds The long molecules formed by repeating patterns of monomers are called polymers.  Functional Groups A functional group is a group of atoms that characterize the structure of a family of organic compounds. Functional groups determine many of the properties of organic compounds. 3 Types to Know: Amine (NH2), Carboxyl (COOH), Hydroxyl (OH).  Amine Group N-H2 Functional Groups  Carboxyl Group COOH Functional Groups Hydroxyl Group OH Functional Groups  Macromolecules 4 Types of Organic Compounds or macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. – Essential to maintaining life processes: cell function, storage, energy, homeostasis and genetic information.  Carbohydrates Make up sugars and The ratio of the atoms starches is 1 C : 2 H : 1 O Contain a hydroxyl Provide energy to the (OH) group cells. Contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and Dissolve in water oxygen. (hydrophilic)  Types of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are classified according to size. One sugar is a monosaccharide (monomer). Two sugars make a disaccharide. Many sugar molecules linked together form a polysaccharide (polymer).  Monosaccharide Milk Sugar Fruit Sugar Types of Carbs  Disaccharide Maltose is two glucose molecules; forms in digestive tract of humans during starch digestion. Types of Carbs  Polysaccharide Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches. Types of Carbs  Lipids The three types of Glycerol contains the lipids are fats, oils, and hydroxyl (OH) group. waxes. Fatty acids contain the Contain carbon, carboxyl (COOH) hydrogen, and oxygen group. Typically contain two monomers – glycerol and fatty acids Monomers in Lipids Lipids  Functions of Lipids Lipids store energy Lipids do not for later use by the dissolve in water body. (hydrophobic), but Lipids also serve as may contain parts padding and that can dissolve in protection for the water. body. The H : O ratio is higher in lipids than it is in carbohydrates.  Structure of a Lipid Dissolves in water ( hydrophilic) Does not dissolve in water (hydrophobic)  Phospholipid Found in cell membranes – Head is the phosphate group. Hydrophilic – Tails are the fatty acids. Hydrophobic  Fatty Acids Long chains of carbon atoms with attached hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbons) Saturated fats contain only single bonds between the carbon atoms. Unsaturated fats contain one or more double or triple bonds between the carbon atoms. Saturated & Unsaturated Fats  Proteins Proteins are the building materials for the body. – Hair, skin, muscles, and organs are made mostly of proteins. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen Contain amine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups  Function of Proteins The building blocks of Amino acid chains are proteins are amino acids called polypeptides. (monomers). A protein contains one or Serve as enzymes which more polypeptide chains. control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Amino acids are connected by a special type of bond called a peptide bond. Amino Acids Function of Proteins  Types of Proteins There are two types of proteins – fibrous and globular. Fibrous protein (found in skin, tendons, bones, and muscles) does not dissolve in water (hydrophobic). Globular protein (found in enzymes, some hormones, and hemoglobin) can dissolve in water (hydrophilic).  Fibrous Proteins Keratins are a family of fibrous structural protei ns ; tough and insoluble, they form the hard but nonmineralized structures found in reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals. Types of Proteins  Globular Proteins Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (i.e. accelerate) chemical reactions. Almost all processes in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at significant rates. Types of Proteins