Cold War: Origins, Ideologies, and the Communist Manifesto PDF

The Cold War Does conflict/war/fighting end through more conflict/war/fighting? Why was the Cold War fought? How was the Cold War fought? Agenda Origins of The Cold War Pre-Test Antecedents A) events & perceptions from WWI to WWII B) tragic losses of the war C) Ideolo...

The Cold War Does conflict/war/fighting end through more conflict/war/fighting? Why was the Cold War fought? How was the Cold War fought? Agenda Origins of The Cold War Pre-Test Antecedents A) events & perceptions from WWI to WWII B) tragic losses of the war C) Ideology Yalta & Potsdam Conferences – Mutual Agreement to move forward Marshall Plan – Soviet Response Truman Doctrine – Zhdanov Response Containment – Berlin Blockade  The Age of Ideology - 20th Century World View - Communism or Capitalism dominated economic policy for - Authoritarian{Totalitarianism} or Democratic Systems dominated political systems - these held sway and determined the evolution of mankind until now (maybe) - excessive use of violence santationed by nationhood and deprivation make earlier eras in history seem tame and parochial. - Germany, Italy, USSR, China and Japan dominate Fascist States - USA, Canada, and Western Europe Countries dominate Liberal states X axis is economic policy /y axis is social policy  Authoritarian / Totalitarianism (Facism) 1. Nationalist & Authoritarian & Totalitarianism 2. Belonging to the “right group” by birth & heritage ensures participation in the collective/nation state 3. Wrong ethnic group = limited participation or eradication of those who do not fit into the “right group” Characteristics of Fascist States - ultranationalist - the state is always correct and dictates all laws, and acceptable behaviours for all individuals, social groups, including minorities - limited acceptance of individual rights and freedoms; state policy always trumps individual rights - NATION SOCIALISM - the state organizes/controls the economy for the development of the mother country/homeland; no individual benefits/luxury items and no individual profit  Characteristics of Fascist States Agencies of Control - paramilitary / militaristic organizations to enforce behaviours and state policies - secret police - KGB, Red Guard, Gestapo, SS [known as the Protective Squad {Schutzstaffel}] - these organizations function above traditional police forces - the state holds the power to “DO” what it identifies for the best interest of the state within in own borders {in the best interest of of the ruling elite} Enforcement Centers - use of detention centers, concentration camps, Gulags - - Ex. Stalin Purges https://www.history.com/news/kgb-soviet-russia-secret-police - Edpuzzle - 26th April 1933: The Gestapo secret police established by Hermann Göring in Nazi Germany  Cult of Personality a. idealize heroic image of the ‘leader’ b. a glorious leader, who can do no wrong c. unquestioning flattery of leader’s superiority d. unquestioning praise through all mediums of communication All these concepts disseminated through extensive propaganda - continuous messaging of these concepts - continuous removal of any challenge through secret police force, purges, and absolute control of mass communication ex. - Trimuph of Will https://perspectives.ushmm.org/item/propaganda-film-triumph-of-the -will#”  American Ideology - 1930’s Isolationism & Liberalism - Isolationism after the Roaring ‘20s, and remembering the losses of WWI; during the Great Depression - 1. America practiced non-involvement in European and Asian conflicts 2. America practiced non-entanglement in international politics - Liberalism - strong belief in human rights, rule of law, democratic principles - The Individual is responsible for their success or not - Limited role/control and function of government in the economy and lives of its citizens  American Foreign Policy at the Close of WWI massive casualties of WWI, Woodrow Wilson, wanted to avoid future conflict by forming an international body to settle disputes - the League of Nations – ends in failure Wilson wanted the right to self-rule = people elect their own government free and open access to the sea, (free trade) ships from countries not at war or private merchant vessels should be allowed to travel freely across the oceans  Union Soviet Socialist Republics USSR Russian Revolution put Russia on a communist path which alienated it from the world community (USA & Britain fought against the Bolsheviks support the rial faction Mensheviks) 5 yrs of internal chaos Authoritarian Political System (Russian famine 12. 5m dies of starvation ‘30-’33), reorganization of entire economy Challenges of state control of the economy: massive centralized industrial {industrialization} and agricultural production Stalin Purges Starvation in Ukraine Centralized State response to the depression  Communist Manifesto - Communism is/was based on the Communist Manifesto written by (German: Das Kommunistische Manifest), originally the Manifesto of the Communist Party (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) - A political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, commissioned by the Communist League and originally published in London in 1848 Why would workers unite (overthrow)? - exploitation - collective bargaining - overcome division - classless system Why is his theory of history correct? - economic foundation - class struggle - dialectical struggle (thesis / antithesis) - inevitability Why do you agree / disagree with him? - three minimum well developed reasons Assignment Primary document - see google classroom Communist Manifesto  Perspective Taking Ally What do you require from a person to trust them? - 24 August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact or the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. - the two countries agreed that they would not attack each other and - secretly divided the countries that lay between them Western Germany gets Poland and part of Lithuania and USSR gets eastern Poland - USSR enters the war against Germany in June 1941 after operation Barbarossa - U.S. enters the war against Germany Dec. 1941 after Pearl Harbour Wartime Experience  Cost of World War Two Historical Perspective & Ethical Dimension Human Cost of WWII: A Breakdown of Military and Civilian fatalities [military & civilian] https://www.southwestjournal.com/human-cost-of-wwii-a-breakdow n-of-military-and-civilian-deaths/ (focus on the time frame 5:00 to 10:00 minutes; read the data from the chart under the video [military, civilian, and total number] https://www.armscontrol.org/pressroom/2020-07/reality-check-ato mic-bombings-hiroshima-nagasaki - The Dawn of the Atomic Era Cost of World War I to the economy - $125 – 186 billion in direct costs and another $151 billion in indirect costs - (using 1913 US dollars) Allies spent $147 billion on the war and the Germans & allies $61 billion - - Britain and its Empire spent $47 billion and the U.S. $27 billion - UK spent 45 percent of GDP, during WW1, peaking at 47 percent of GDP in 1918 - Inflation more than doubled between 1914 (peaked in 1920), while the value of the Pound Sterling fell by 61.2% - Second World War: Fascism/Militarism, vs - Liberalism took approx. 75m lives - WWII ended abruptly with atomic blasts that murdered over a 200,000 civilians in seconds - sort the costs activity Yalta Conference & Potsdam Conference Yalta In February 1945, Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, met at the Black Sea resort city of Yalta to make plans both for the defeat of Germany and world order after WWII – see doc. Potsdam, Germany from July 17 – August 2, 1945 - Harry Truman (represented the US, following FDR’s death), British Prime Minister Clement Attlee (replaced Churchill), Josef Stalin – see doc. Poland was to be a Soviet Satellite Germany unconditional surrender Were these two conferences a success? Why?  Define the Term ‘Cold War’ As we begin our study of the Cold War, let's investigate the period immediately following World War II. Our first task is to define the term “Cold War.” Given the fact that both WWI and WWII can be classified as “hot” wars, how should we define this next period of conflict? Before we get into specifics, take a couple minutes and write below your best guess as to the definition of the phrase “Cold War:” -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Next, turn to one or two people next to you, share your definitions and decide on a definition you can all support: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- After our whole class discusses the options presented, write below our class definition of “Cold War:” -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - American Foreign Policy Marshall Plan  Churchill - Stalin Perspective – vs – Reality Iron Curtain (“Sinews of Peace”) speech Joseph Stalin, interview in Pravda, March 14, 1946, in Response to Churchill In class Assignment - read and answer the questions https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/sinews-of-peace-iron-curtain-speech.html Was the governmental/military system situation in 1945 between the U.S.A and the USSR real or more of a perception? map of Europe - Iron Curtain https://www.diercke.com/content/europe-after-world-war-two-1949-978-3-14-100790-9-36-4  Truman Doctrine vs Andrei Zhdanov Report on the International Situation to the Cominform  Truman - Zhdanov Leader How he describes one way of life How he describes the way of life Truman Doctrine Zhdanov Doctrine This cartoon, "It's the same without mechanical problems" was drawn by Herbert Block and published in the Washington Post on Jan. 26th, 1949. Used by permission from the Herbert Block Foundation. Source: Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/0 0652193/ What symbols are found in the political cartoon? What do they mean? What is the overall message of the cartoon? Do you think Block represented the U.S. or Soviet point of view? Why do you think that? Do you think Block favors the Marshall Plan? Use evidence from the cartoon to support your answer. Containment Theory Secretary of State George Marshall Commencement Address Harvard University, June 15, 1947 The truth of the matter is that Europe’s requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products - principally from America are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social and political deterioration of a very grave character. What will happen, according to Marshall, if Europe doesn’t get economic help?  Secretary of State George Marshall Commencement Addresses Harvard University, June 15, 1947 “Initiative Essential to Economic Recovery” “The remedy lies in breaking the vicious circle and restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole. The manufacturer and the farmer throughout wide areas must be able and willing to exchange their products for currencies the continuing value of which is not open to question.” What is the circle that Marshall is referring to and why is it vicious?  “It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist. Such assistance, I am convinced, must not be on a piecemeal basis as various crises develop. Any assistance that this Government may render in the future should provide a cure rather than mere palliative. Any government that is willing to assist in the task of recovery will find full cooperation, I am sure, on the part of the United States Government. Any government which maneuvers to block the recovery of other countries cannot expect help from us. Furthermore, governments, political parties, or groups which seek to perpetuate human misery to profit therefrom politically or otherwise will encounter the opposition of the United States.” 1. Why is it “logical,” as Marshall argues, to help Europe’s economy? 2. The word palliative usually refers to medicine a palliative helps a patient deal with the symptoms of a disease, but it doesn’t cure it. Given that, what do you think Marshall means when he says , “Any assistance that this Government may render in the future should provide a cure rather than mere palliative?” 3. What behavior would “encounter the opposition of the United States?” Who do you think Marshall is referring to?  It would be neither fitting nor efficacious for this government to undertake to draw up unilaterally a program designed to place Europe on its feet economically. This is the business of the Europeans. The initiative, I think, must come from the Europeans. The role of this country should consist of friendly aid in the drafting of a European program and of later support of such a program so far as it may be practical for us to do so. The program should be a joint one, agreed to by a number, if not all, European nations. Should the US do this alone, according to Marshall? Explain In Class Assignment Directions: Let’s say it is June, 1948 and the Blockade has just started. Your group serves as national security advisors to President Harry S. Truman. How should the US respond to this Soviet act of aggression? Should the US respond with force? Should we focus on diplomacy? Should we walk away? Using what you’ve already learned about the relationship between the US and the USSR in the years leading up to the Blockade, what should President Truman do? Specific Requirements: 1. Each group of two need to make one proposal to President Truman. Each proposal will need to include: a one-page written summary based on evidence that supports their specific strategy choice. Be sure to include Soviet and American perspectives; the potential costs and consequences of your strategy; and guidelines for determining whether your strategy was successful. an oral presentation detailing major points with time for questions and answers. Do not read the proposal from your paper. 2. Proposals will be judged on their understanding of American and Soviet perspectives, historical accuracy, quality of writing, and use of evidence. This first section of our study of the Cold War focused on the roots of the conflict. As you now know, the Cold War had many trigger points, and the precise start date and origin of the conflict has been something that historians still debate today. Historians are able to read through historical records – ranging from speeches to military records to newspaper articles – and then make an argument based on the evidence they survey. It is now your job to review your notes from this early period of the Cold War to answer the following question in a maximum of 400 words: When and how did the Cold War actually begin? In your answer, be sure to provide specific evidence to support your thesis, organized in a clear and concise fashion. Keep in mind that there is no one right answer. Berlin Blockade https://edpuzzle.com/media /64e9fd762967793fc31f6231  Recap Timeline 1946 – 1948 communist government set up in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, East Germany, Romania, and Poland BARE Beliefs: Russia was communist country ruled by a dictator; America was a capitalist country which valued freedom of choice Aims: Stalin wanted reparations from Germany and a set buffer friendly states in Eastern Europe; Britain and USA led by President Truman wanted to help Germany recovered to prevent large areas of Europe from coming under communist control Resentment: about history, the Soviet Union did not trust Britain and USA they had tried to destroy Russian Revolution in 1918, and the Soviet Union thought they had not been helped enough in World War II. These events events turn the mistrust toward the Yalta & Potsdam conferences April of 45 Truman becomes president of the United States of America travels to Potsdam conference atomic drop bombs dropped in Japan August 1945 Churchill 's Iron Curtain speech Britain tells US it can't support Greece or Turkey anymore Four Corners Activities Was the Cold War not a full-scale war mainly because of development of the atomic bomb? Could the Cold War have been averted? Explain