Breeding and Hatchery Management of African Catfish PDF

hatchery management OF AFRICAN CATFISH LYDA B. BALAGTEY Technical staff, BFAR-NFTC Catfish Hatchery A place for artificial breeding, hatching, and rearing of its early life stages – eggs, fry, and fingerlings Eggs fingerlings REQUIREMEN...

hatchery management OF AFRICAN CATFISH LYDA B. BALAGTEY Technical staff, BFAR-NFTC Catfish Hatchery A place for artificial breeding, hatching, and rearing of its early life stages – eggs, fry, and fingerlings Eggs fingerlings REQUIREMENTS FOR A SUCCESSFUL HATCHERY OPERATION Broodfish Monitoring of water quality Management Know the origin Monitor to maintain good Qualified and trained Not from the same family water quality staff  REQUIREMENTS FOR A SUCCESSFUL HATCHERY OPERATION “know your fish” Feeding of fish Handling/transporting Should know the Should know the feed For higher survival normal behavior of the requirements of each rates fish stage KNOW YOUR FISH CATFISH “catfish” due to its barbels which are present in the mouth of the fish and resembles cat whiskers Catfish represents one of the largest groups of freshwater fishes with more than 3,000 species. TAXONOMY KINGDOM | Animalia PHYLUM | Cordata SUBPHYLUM | Vertebrata CLASS | Actinopterygii ORDER | Siluriformes FAMILY | Clariidae GENUS | Clarias  Scientific name: Clarias sp. Common name: catfish, walking catfish Local name: paltat, pantat, hito, ito CATFISH GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION Found on EVERY continent EXCEPT Antarctica TYPES OF CATFISH IN THE PHILIPPINES Native catfish Thai/Bangkok catfish African catfish TYPES OF CATFISH IN THE PHILIPPINES Native catfish Thai/Bangkok catfish African catfish TYPES OF CATFISH IN THE PHILIPPINES Native catfish DESCRIPTION: “U”-shaped occipital process Smaller in size Lighter in color Tender and more delicate taste Slower growth rate TYPES OF CATFISH IN THE PHILIPPINES Thai/Bangkok catfish DESCRIPTION: “W”-shaped occipital process, slightly curved compared to the African catfish Smaller in size Gray or gray-brown in color Rubbery flesh TYPES OF CATFISH IN THE PHILIPPINES African catfish DESCRIPTION: “M”-shaped occipital process, pointed compared to the Thai catfish Largest in size Gray-brown in color Dry fibrous flesh Fastest to grow STATUS AND IMPACTS OF INTRODUCED Clarias sp. IN THE PHILIPPINES Introduction Species Status Impact Origin Year Clarias Thailand 1972 Culture, Natural Invasive batrachus breeding, Found in the wild Clarias Taiwan 1985 Culture, Induced Beneficial gariepinus breeding  AFRICAN CATFISH DISTRIBUTION NO. OF COUNTRIES EUROPE 10 AFRICA 46 ASIA 20 N. AMERICA 1 S. AMERICA 2 OCEANIA 1 TOTAL 80  HABITAT Freshwater environments Some of which are subjected to seasonal drying Swamps Rice paddies Floodplains Lakes Streams FEEDING HABITS But are better in digesting high protein diets | Omnivores | Bottom feeders 70% of feeding activity takes place at night | nocturnal |Slow Foragers  MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Occipital Barbels (4 pairs) process Operculum Tail/Caudal Dorsal fin fin Anus and Genital papilla Pectoral spine Lateral line Pelvic fin Pectoral fin SCALELESS Source: https://forfish.eu/en/african-catfish-characteristics-and-biology/  Inner mandibular barbel Outer mandibular barbel MORPHOLOGICAL Maxillary barbel Olfactory organs CHARACTERISTICS Nasal barbel SEX IDENTIFICATION FEMALE MALE Anus Genital papilla  ARBORESCENT ORGAN DESCRIPTION: An accessory air-breathing organ that often is resembled as a cauliflower located on the secondhand forth branchial arcs FUNCTION: Able to withstand low dissolved oxygen levels Allows the fish to survive for many hours out of water or for many weeks in muddy marshes https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/clarias-batrachus/ ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENTS PARAMETERS Temperature 25O-33O Dissolved oxygen 5mg/L to sat. pH 6.5 – 8.0 Ammonia Max. 0.125mg/L Nitrite Max. 0.1mg/L Nitrate Max. 50mg/L FECUNDITY Eggs of a ripe female make up to 15-20% of its body weight 1g of egg contains 600-700 pcs of eggs The oocyte development and the percentage of eggs of the female decreases once temperature drops below 22oC Artificial reproduction is still possible but the number of eggs obtained is small and the quality of the eggs decreases as can be seen from the hatching percentage Reproduction Catfish has a seasonal gonadal maturation which is usually during rainy season It reproduces in response to environmental stimuli such as rise in water level and inundation of low-lying areas Has three (3) types of reproduction methods  Natural Reproduction Spawning takes place at night Courtship and mating takes place in shallow waters between isolated pairs of males and females The male clasps the female around the head and is held for several seconds. A batch of milt and eggs are released followed by a vigorous swish of the female’s tail to distribute the eggs over a wide area No parental care for ensuring the survival of the catfish offspring except by Source: Bruton, 1979a the careful choice of a suitable site  SEMI-ARTIFICIAL Reproduction WITH HORMONE TREATMENT Introducing hormones through intramuscular injection or intraperitoneal injection to stimulate egg release WITHOUT HORMONE TREATMENT Simulation of environmental events which will occur in the rainy season which triggers the mating and spawning processes  SEMI-ARTIFICIAL Reproduction STOCKING DENSITY PROCEDURE REMARKS 1 HORMONE-INDUCED REPRODUCTION IN PONDS 2 :1 /100m2 1. Inject mature females with hormones and Eggs are concentrated within the hapa 2 HORMONE-INDUCED place them in hapas where they can be treated against fungal 1 :1 /2-3m3 hapa with the non-injected REPRODUCTION IN HAPA infections and larvae can be collected males after yolk-sac absorption 3 HORMONE-INDUCED 2. Breeders are removed Substrates are added at the bottom 1 :1 /tank REPRODUCTION IN TANKS in the morning of the tank NOTE: Disadvantages of these methods is that the number of larvae obtained is relatively small as the ovulation is often partial. The quantity of eggs released is usually only 5-10% of the total body weight.  ARTIFICIAL Reproduction INDUCED BREEDING A common method to produce fish without seasonal consideration by stimulating its ovulation artificially for the timely release of sperm and eggs When do we induce spawn fish? If the fish do not reproduce spontaneously in captivity Their natural spawning conditions are challenging to simulate in a hatchery Advantages of induced spawning Better rates of fertilization and hatching Ensured annual supply of fingerlings Quality fingerlings produced Better conditions for growth and survival  History of induced breeding in pisciculture First attempt to induce Extraction of pituitary Cyrrhynus mrigala in glands (Housay,1931) India 1934 1955... 1931 1937 Brazilian researchers Hiralal Choudhary applied succeeded to develop a this technique in minor technique for hypophysation carps like Esomus danricus HYPOPHYSATION: a process wherein captive fish breeders are induced using pituitary hormones Father of induced breeding Dr. Hiralal Chaudhuri Introduced induced breeding in India Initiated the Blue Revolution in India ROLE OF PITUITARY GLAND Hypophysis – technical term of the pituitary gland A small pea-sized gland located at the base of the hypothalamus Secretes several hormones such as gonadotrophin hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) FSH causes growth and maturation of ovarian follicle in females and spermatogenesis in the testis of males LH causes luteinization in females and promote the production of testosterone in males LATENCY PERIOD 15 14 Described as the time interval between injection of 13 the female fish and stripping 12 of eggs TIME The latency period varies 11 between species 10 The latency period is affected by temperature – 9 lower temperature = longer 8 latency period 20 22 24 26 28 30 TEMPERATURE  Environmental stimuli BRAIN Pituitary Extract HYPOTHALAMUS PITUITARY OVARIES Steroids and Prostaglandins EGGS METHODS OF INJECTING FISH 1. INTRAMUSCULAR: administered through the muscle on the caudal peduncle or behind the dorsal fin but above the lateral line 2. INTRAPERITONEAL: It is given to the soft regions of the body, generally at the base of the pelvic or pectoral fin INDUCING AGENTS Inducing agents are used to induce egg stimulation DOCA (Deoxycorticosterone acetate) CPG (Carp Pituitary gland) Dosage: 2.5-5 mg per 100 gram of female Dosage: 3-4 mg per kg of female or 1-2 whole Remarks: Causes severe ulcers in injected pituitaries per female females Remarks: Not accessible since it is imported HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) ACPG (African catfish Pituitary gland) Dosage: 25 I.U. per 100g of female Dosage: 1PG:1breeder of equal size Remarks: Works well, but expensive Remarks: Not accessible since it is imported Description: Measured by biological activity – International Units (IU) RULE OF THUMB: 1 PG could induce Storage: Unused hormone-refrigerator (2oC- 1 breeder of equal size (e.g., 1kg 7oC); used hormone-freezer donor fish : 1kg fish to be induced)  Commonly used hormone concentrations Source: SRAC, 1991. Hormone Preparation, Dosage Calculation, and Injection Techniques for Induced Spawning of Fish  General formula for hormone preparation Example: If you have a 10,000 IU vial of HCG, the recommended dose is 400 IU/kg, the fish weigh approximately 1 kg, and the desired volume of injection is 0.2cc. Then the HORMONE CONCENTRATION = 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝐹𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 desired concentration of hormone is equal 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 to 400 IU/kg, multiplied by 1 kg, divided by 0.2 cc, in this case, 2,000 IU/cc. 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒 VOLUME OF LIQUID= 𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 How much volume of water should be added to the 10,000 I.U. vial to get the desired concentration?  BREEDING AND HATCHERY I. Selection and Conditioning of breeders STEPS II. Hatchery Preparation III. Hormone preparation IV. Inducing of breeders V. Egg Collection and Fertilization VI. Hatching and nursery management CONSIDERATIONS IN SELECTING BREEDERS ≥10 ≥300g NO NOT FROM THE SAME DEFORMITIES MONTHS WEIGHT FAMILY  INBREEDING Mating of closely related individuals A: Dominant genes | a: Recessive genes AA Aa AA Aa Aa AA aa Aa Morphological abnormalities Affects growth, survival, and mating behavior  Prominent stomachs Reddish genital papilla Pinkish and pronounced genital papilla STEP SELECTION AND CONDITIONING OF BREEDERS 1 Male and female catfish should be separated for 18-24 hours Should not be fed to reduce stress during stripping. NOTE: The time for inducing breeders should be scheduled, since the latency period or the time between the hormone injection and stripping of eggs requires 8 – 12 hours, depending on the environmental temperature.  HATCHERY FACILITY PREPARATION STEP 2 Hatching trays Artificial shower * Aerator  TYPES OF CATFISH HATCHERIES Basin type Lavatory-type Tank type Canvass/Lona type Trough type STEP HATCHERY FACILITY PREPARATION 2 The facility along with the hatchery paraphernalia (i.e., hatching trays) must be disinfected with salt and water to prevent possible infections caused by bacteria and fungi STEP 3 HORMONE PREPARATION 3cc Syringe Bowl Extracted Pituitary glands 0.9% Normal Saline Solution Spoon Ear pick Towel STEP 3 HORMONE PREPARATION 1. Weigh breeders 2. Get appropriate amount of PG to be injected 3. Wash PG with NSS to remove possible traces of acetone 4. Macerate/mash PG 5. Add appropriate amount of NSS 6. Transfer solution to syringe for injection STEP 4 INDUCing of breeders 1. Carefully sein catfish breeders using a net and place it onto a basin 2. Weigh breeders individually to determine the amount of PG hormone to be injected. 3. After weighing, individually place a breeder onto a clean surface and cover its head to reduce struggle STEP 4 INDUCing of breeders 4. Inject female breeders at a 30o to 45o angle avoiding the spinal column and internal organs 5. Massage area after injecting to allow solution to spread in the fish’s muscles 6. Return females to respective tanks and wait for 8 – 12 hours  STEP 5 EGG COLLECTION AND FERTILIZATION Paper towel Towel Bowl 0.9% Normal Saline Solution Fine-mesh net Plastic spoon Scissors STEP 5 EGG COLLECTION AND FERTILIZATION Males would be dissected through the anus towards the stomach using a pair of scissors for the collection of testes. The testes collected would then be wiped with a dry clean kitchen tissue or towel to remove the blood attached to it. STEP 5 EGG COLLECTION AND FERTILIZATION After cleaning, the testes would be cut into smaller pieces onto a bowl with a fine mesh net and squeezed to extract the milt. A 1ml of of normal saline solution per 1 male breeder would be added to the extracted milt for sperm activation.  STEP 5 EGG COLLECTION AND FERTILIZATION After 8-12 hours, depending on the environmental temperature, gravid female breeders will be stripped. Gravid female breeders should be held on both ends (head and tail) for better grip during stripping. Prior to stripping, the genital papilla of females should be wiped with a clean tissue to remove contaminants such as dirt, blood, and slime attached that could affect the fertilization of eggs. Once contaminants are removed, the females can be stripped of eggs. STEP 5 EGG COLLECTION AND FERTILIZATION The prepared spermatozoan solution would then be poured to the eggs collected and mixed for a minute to ensure that eggs are enveloped by the spermatozoan solution for fertilization. Artificial fertilization WET METHOD: Eggs and milt are stripped directly into water DRY METHOD: Water is added after stripping Estimation of eggs 1. Get and count 1g sample of fertilized eggs 2. Weigh fertilized eggs 3. Multiply average number of eggs to the weight of eggs STEP 5 EGG COLLECTION AND FERTILIZATION After mixing, using a plastic spoon of feather, the eggs would then be distributed to hatching trays. STEP 6 HATCHING OF EGGS AND NURSERY MANAGEMENT After 24 – 36 hours, fertilized catfish eggs would hatch and fry would swim up from the hatching tray. During this time, the hatching trays where dead eggs are attached should be removed from the hatchery to prevent fungal infection and deterioration of water quality. STEP HATCHING OF EGGS AND NURSERY 6 MANAGEMENT Three (3) days after hatching, catfish fry can be fed purely with natural food three (3) to four (4) times a day for 5 days– preferably natural food such as Moina sp., tubifex, or artemia HATCHERY PROTOCOL Hatching of eggs & Yolksac absorption Feeding of natural food removal of hatching trays Moina, artemia, tubifex | | | | | | | | DAY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 NURSERY IN PONDS  OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES I. Pond preparation a. Pond levelling b. Pond drying brings nutrients at the bottom Until the soil cracks soil to the surface soil layers To remove predators from the pond  OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES I. Pond preparation c. FERTILIZATION and LIMING FERTILIZATION Improves ponds fertility through organic and inorganic fertilizers Basal application (Fertilizer) Vermicast Organic: 1,000kg – 1,500kg Inorganic (16-20-0): 100kg/ha LIMING Increases available nutrients, sterilizes ponds, neutralizes pH 1,000-2,000kg/ ha  OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES I. Pond preparation d. WATER FILLING Water level should be 50 – 60 cm deep (knee-level) Water source: deepwell, surface water, spring water e. SHELTER Shelter like coconut leaves, water hyacinth, and water lettuce could be used to prevent the predation of stocks f. ARTIFICIAL RAINSHOWER  OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES II. Stocking of fry in ponds Once pond is prepared, with the assurance of the availability of natural food, African catfish fry can be stocked in ponds (5-days post- hatch fry) During the 2-weeks of weening the fry to fingerlings, tadpoles would be observed. Tadpoles should be removed to prevent predation of stocks. Stocking: 150-200 pcs/m2 5-day old fry : 0.7mm  OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES III. Feeding Fry stocked in ponds can be fed with fry mash during the 2-week weening The fry mash is also a source of nutrients to further enhance the pond’s productivity, allowing natural food (i.e., Moina) to grow for fry that could not yet consume fry mash. Fry Mash  OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES III. Sorting and Harvesting of fingerlings On the 15th day after stocking, fingerlings can sorted or harvested for dispersal Prior to draining, fingerlings would be seined African catfish left from seining would be collected after draining SORTING A separate tank should be prepared for shooters or larger-sized catfish fingerlings during sorting. To prevent cannibalism in ponds, it is recommended that sorting should be done every 14 days for 2 months or until it reaches 5 inches in length. The shooters of the batch are twice larger than the rest of the population and are preying on smaller- sized fry/fingerlings Thank you  Recommended concentration: 300 IU/kg Weight of breeder: 2.5kg Desired concentration: 0.3cc What is the appropriate hormone concentration and the appropriate volume of water for hormone dilution?  Consider the assumption: 80% hatching rate and 50% survival from fry to 1-inch fingerlings. Twelve female African catfish breeders with ABW 700g (containing 15% of eggs from their body weight) could produce how many fingerlings?