4 Academic sources and Literature Review_UA_AMS.pptx

Academic Literature & Literature Review, Academic Reading Prof. dr. Bart Cambré Prof. dr. T. De Leeuw Prof. dr. P. Matthyssens Prof. dr. A. van Witteloostuijn Antwerp Management School Agenda 1. Literature  What is academic literature  Where to find it 2. Literature Review 3. Reading an...

Academic Literature & Literature Review, Academic Reading Prof. dr. Bart Cambré Prof. dr. T. De Leeuw Prof. dr. P. Matthyssens Prof. dr. A. van Witteloostuijn Antwerp Management School Agenda 1. Literature  What is academic literature  Where to find it 2. Literature Review 3. Reading an academic article 4. Generative AI 2 1 What is academic literature Support in the Exec. PhD program Support in the Exec. PhD program  Support Prevent in the reinvention Exec. of the wheel PhD program What is academic literature Type of sources:  Academic peer-reviewed ISI index TOP journals  Academic peer-reviewed ISI index GOOD journals  Academic peer-reviewed ISI index journals  Doctoral dissertations  Conference papers CRITERIA  Research reports Availability (publication)  Professional publications  White papers Accountability (author)  Magazines Quality (method)  Textbooks Credibility  The internet Citation style  … 7 What is academic literature What is academic literature:  Peer reviewed = quality check o Multiple reviewers: experts o Multiple revision rounds o Double blind  Prior to publication, all articles are reviewed by experts in the field. They examine whether the findings, interpretations and assumptions are acceptable and consistent with existing literature. o Books versus journals o Downloads versus citations 8 What is academic literature Why use references:  Anchoring  Validation  Acknowledgement  Avoid plagiarism How use references:  Follow the guidelines: o APA or journal  consistency! o In text referencing o Reference list o Use tool (but check):  Mendeley, Zotero, or Endnote 9 How to find Path 1: UA library (https://www.uantwerpen.be/nl/bibliotheek/) OR Google ‘UA bib’ Databases Select from: Ebsco host (‘Business source complete’) ERIC Jstor Scopus (Elsevier) Web of science … Path 2: The Pareto / heuristic path Bookmark: https://jcr.clarivate.com/jcr/home (VPN required) Bookmark: https://scholar.google.com Path 3: Do not use : https://sci-hub.tw/ It’s not even legal …  Colin Pilbeam, PhD (2016). Systematic Literature Review. Cranfield School of Management. Pitfalls Greenhalgh, T. and Peacock, R. (2005), Effectiveness and efficiency of search methods in systematic reviews of complex evidence: audit of primary sources. British Medical Journal. November 5; 331(7524): 1064– 1065. Wanting to change the world Lack of patience and humility Bias + selective perception Broad, unfocused question Limit literature research to database searching Prioritize journal quality over article quality No longer remember where you read something Citing a citation  see Rekdal, 2014 Stop reading when you finish your research proposal Work smart when starting If you have intuition, use it. Before getting started, try to predict what you would expect Keep a log, take notes Full citation, theory, variables, method (sample), results, critical notes Read and write Create a document / mind map for keeping track of: Authors, influencers, “seminal” papers Academic journal articles Special issues Academic volumes and book chapters Definitions Create a panel of experts Use a tool: Endnote or a free tool (Zotero, …) How to evaluate the quality of your information? Quality of the information: How old, but …:  mix! Quality of the information: Reliability Profile of the author: H-index, Author research gate, citations Language References Journal Peer-reviewed & Impact factor Citations Article Quality of the information Journal & Article  Citations  A number of databases mention for each article or chapter how often it is quoted + add links to the cited and citing publications  Very useful for students and researchers: good way to find older and newer literature on a particular topic (backward and forward citation)  High number of citations for an article can be an indication of the scientific value of the publication  High number of citations for various publications of a researcher is usually an indication of the importance and respected position he/she holds in the research domain  Web of Science outperforms Google Scholar (different Quality of the information: Journal & Article  Impact factor  Attempt to quantify the relative weight of a journal in relation to other journals within the same discipline  Calculated annually based on citation data collected on web of knowledge and used to rank journals  Provides for a given year (e.g., 2018), the average number of times an article published in journal X has been cited in the two previous years (e.g., 2016-2017)  Eigenfactor: no self-citation & weighting for citing journal’s impact  Immediacy score: how quickly cited? So: is everyone reading the journal?  Clarivate Journal Citation Report: https://jcr.clarivate.com/jcr/ Quality of the information: Journal & Article 2 Literature review Why a literature review - “A theory is a set of systematically interrelated “There is nothing so practical as a good theory” concepts, definitions, and propositions that are Kurt Lewin, 1951 advanced to explain and predict phenomena.” Performance- (Cooper and Schindler, 2003, p.54). Productive based Propositio behavior compensation Concept n Concept (IV) (DV) The use of Theory… As a frame: Decides what can be observed As a lens: Narrows your scope As a paradigm: Suggests research approaches As a foundation: Summarizes what is known Objectives of a literature review 1. Get a broad and deep insight into the phenomenon of your interest. 2. Explain why the chosen topic is worthy of research 3. Systematic survey of the pre-existing body of knowledge pertinent to your research. 4. Identify gaps in the literature (one of which might be your “niche”). 5. Find inspiration for theories, methods used by other researchers studying the same topic. 6. Find arguments that can help you to explain unexpected results 7. Develop scholarship Starting points Visualization: Start with the end in mind Do you project yourself in the future as a thought leader, a researcher, a teacher, a change agent, an entrepreneur, an industry expert, a theorist? Is the LR part of a master thesis, a PhD thesis, a stand-alone publication? Big picture Socio-demographic, economic trends Important changes, evolution of science and theory Relevance for productivity, profitability, innovation, … Scholarship: standing on the shoulders of the giants What is the tradition, school of thought you want to belong to? Practical relevance: implications for ‘practitioners’ What is the positive impact/implication of understanding and therefore anticipating the causes and mechanisms of the phenomenon? Literature review: process  Metaphors of LR Cartographer Sherlock Holmes Networker Marksman Butterfly Collector Debater Search Party Neo Epistemological & Ontological Choice Different types of literature reviews No simple summary!! Identifying the right literature Focus on the research question and the unit of analysis Performance- Productive based Propositio behavior compensation Concept n Concept (IV) (DV) What does that mean in academic terms? o Translate o Keyword selection o String development Find your hook Gap spotting (confusion, neglect, application) Problematization (of assumptions, of dissensus, of consensus) Sandberg, J. & Alvesson, M. (2011), Ways of constructing research questions: gap-spotting or problematization? Organization, 18 (1) : 23-44 Finding your first hook Current debates Future research paragraphs Pragmatism Your ‘OHNO’ paper Finding your home Start with the mainstream approach o What are the major focus areas in there? o Which (ones) get you furthest to build your answer / model? But no need to get married to it… “When I examine myself and my methods of thought, I come to the conclusion that the gift of fantasy has meant more to me than my talent for absorbing positive knowledge.” Purpose of Academic Article Scholars write academic articles to share their ideas with their peers, usually within their own academic discipline (e.g., physics, literature, psychology). Articles fall under the realms of: o research reports: presentation of an original study or studies o literature review articles: discusses existing research about a problem and suggests paths for future studies o theoretical articles: discusses existing theories that explain observation, and often proposes new theories or a new perspective on theories Because they already share a highly specialized background, they often assume that their readers already understand some of the fundamental knowledge of the field as well as the jargon. Jargon requires on-going attention. 3 Reading an academic article Academic language NOT: Making things complex for no reason! Academic language is designed to be concise, precise, and authoritative To achieve these goals, it uses sophisticated words and complex grammatical constructions that can disrupt reading comprehension and block learning Get accustomed to the academic vocabulary in your field There is no exact boundary when defining academic language; it falls toward one end of a continuum (defined by formality of tone, complexity of content, and degree of impersonality of stance), with informal, casual, conversational language at the other extreme Among the most commonly noted features of academic language are conciseness, achieved by avoiding redundancy; using a high density of information-bearing words, ensuring precision of expression; and relying on grammatical processes to compress complex ideas into few words Reading an Article (source: Kovalchik & Mills: https://slideplayer.com/slide/10264533/) Academic articles cannot be read in the same way as other things (books, magazines …) Iterative, but different Several readings required, in different ways 1. Skim the entire article 2. Determine your purpose for reading the article 3. Read sections fully and critically 1. Skimming Read the Abstract Read the Introduction Read the Conclusion Review the figures and tables It's actually a disciplined activity in its own right. A good skimmer has a systematic technique for finding the most information in the least amount of time. Skimming is not just reading in a hurry, or reading sloppily, or reading the last line and the first line 2. Determining Purpose Different purposes for reading articles require attention to different areas. Overview of topic Focus on the introduction and conclusion. Research ideas Read the introduction and conclusion, looking for further research suggestions in conclusion, then critically read the methods section. Planning an experiment/a methodology Critically read the methods section. General knowledge Carefully read the whole article making sure you understand it all. Assignment for a course Think about the goal of the assignment. Critically read what you might use to achieve that goal. 3. Reading Critically It is a skill Mark unfamiliar concepts and words Take notes: systematically, create your own system It is an attitude Remain open minded and critical (authors are not always right) ‘What is the author’s purpose?’ Check this https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/guides/strategies-for-reading-academic-arti cles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKxm2HF_-k0 Literature based critical thinking Literature review is crucial to identify the (importance of) the research gap. It helps motivating and deepening out the research question(s). Research hypotheses (QUAN), a preliminary framework and propositions (QUAL) will be strengthened by profound knowledge of literature. Read with purpose (First ‘skimming’, then ‘into the deep’); keep notes, categorize, keep track of key ideas in each paper. Discourse is a process where different conceptions from multiple layers of the phenomenon come into contact and trigger a discussion or change. Critical thinking in science should be evidence-based and/or literature-based augmented with sound reasoning. Scientific discourse Discourse: Communication of thought by words; talk; conversation: earnest and intelligent discourse. A formal discussion of a subject in speech or writing, as a dissertation, treatise, sermon, etc. Scientific discourse is the processes and methods used to communicate and debate scientific information.... Communication in scientific discourse refers to both written and spoken communication and often involves methods of reasoning as well as vocabularies used to present information, conclusions and ideas. One of the purposes of scientific discourse is to convince or persuade a scientific audience of the truth or value of the ideas presented. The way this is attained is by careful reasoning or argumentation. (Horsella& Sinderman1992). 4 AI and academic literature David Martens Generative AI Definition A branch of artificial intelligence focused on content creation. It uses machine learning to generate text, images, audio, and more. For us, it offers tools for data analysis, content creation, problem solving, and … literature evaluation. ChatGPT, and many others … Generative AI Efficiency in Preliminary Research In this stage, identifying relevant literature is key. Generative AI is good at quickly summarizing large volumes of literature to pinpoint which articles are most relevant for deeper study. However, it is difficult to assess the quality of the literature. Do not waste time reading low quality articles. Generative AI Complementing, Not Replacing, Deep Reading For quick summaries, Generative AI is excellent. For in-depth understanding, critical analysis, and application of knowledge, researchers still need to engage deeply with the full texts. Generative AI It is difficult for Generative AI to be aware of the specific contexts, or the subtleties of academic arguments that are crucial for PhD-level research. Even worse, AI hallucinates: it spills out incorrect information but shows it as if it were a fact. Hallucinate is Word of the Year 2023 by Cambridge Dictionary in 2023. https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cambridge-dictionary-names-hallucinate-word-of-the -year-2023 Generative AI At this stage, generative AI is based on data-driven algorithms, which can recognize patterns or trends in data, but it does not come up with novel ideas or detect the gap in your research fields. We need to avoid over-reliance on AI outputs: hamper your skill development in critical reading, data analysis, and interpretation skills. Quality and accuracy of information. We need to verify AI-generated information with primary sources to ensure accuracy. Ethical and responsible use of AI: issues like informed consent, privacy concerns, and plagiarism. Generative AI In a nutshell, we should use AI as a tool to augment, rather than replace our own study and judgement. Prompt engineering Asking the right questions and offering high quality data to GPT are crucial. How should I be using it? Writing assistant: author: abstract, title, rephrasing Creative assistant: coming up with ideas for analogies, examples, structure, etc. Coding assistant: no one is restricted to “knowing someone who can code” Pre-reviewing assistant: ask for comments on writing, methodology, conclusions, etc. Should never be an author, nor need to mention the use BUT be sure not to commit plagiarism, and beware for the risks… Check: Galit Shmueli,https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/research-groups/antwerp-center-responsible-ai/re Bianca Maria Colosimo,David Martens,RemaPadman,Maytal Saar-Tsechansky,Olivia R. Liu Sheng,W. Nick Street,Kwok-Leung sources/ Tsui(2023) How CanIJDSAuthors, Reviewers, and Editors Use(and Misuse) GenerativeAI? INFORMS Journal on Data Science https://doi.org/10.1287/ijds.2023.0007 16 Thank you! [email protected] Antwerp Management School Opening minds to impact the world