General Veterinary Anatomy PDF

General Veterinary Anatomy anatomy: the science that deals with the form and structures of all organisms. Literally, the word means to cut apart.  Prof. Dr. Ahmed Saber El Fayoumy 2023 Email [email protected] [email protected] Mobile: 01002...

General Veterinary Anatomy anatomy: the science that deals with the form and structures of all organisms. Literally, the word means to cut apart.  Prof. Dr. Ahmed Saber El Fayoumy 2023 Email [email protected] [email protected] Mobile: 01002931024 Facebook: ahmed elfayoumy https://www.facebook.com/ahmed.elfayoum y.52?locale=ar_AR  Aims of the course This course provides students: Knowledge about common terms in the field of veterinary anatomy and embryology Knowledge about locomotors system of domestic animal The basic background about the origin and development of the mammalian organism Basic knowledge about the general embryology Basic knowledge about congenital anomalies and morphological defects that are present at birth Basic methods about the comparative anatomy of bones of the limbs  Classification of anatomy There are 30 subdivision of anatomy, the most interested subdivisions are Gross or macroscopic anatomy: is based primarily on dissection of animal cadavers. the structures of the body can be seen with the unaided eye General anatomy: is the description of principles of the structures forming the body Special anatomy: the description of the structure of certain species or specific organs Comparative anatomy is a study of the structures of various species of animals, with particular emphasis on those characteristics that aid in classification  Classification of anatomy (con.) Applied anatomy: application of the anatomical facts of living animals to assist clinicians for efficient investigation and diagnosis and surgical approach (surgical and or clinical anatomy Instrumental anatomy: anatomical view using special instruments such as X ray, CT ultrasound and MRI mainly for diagnostic purposes Embryology is the study of developmental anatomy, covering the period from conception (fertilization of the egg) to birth Morphology is science deal with shape, position and development of body structures and parts. It includes anatomy, histology and developmental anatomy.  Methods for approaching (performing) anatomy Systematic anatomy: deal with certain organs that perform together the same function forming one of the body systems. Topographical or regional anatomy: is the study a certain body area with investigation all structures within this area and the relation between these structures. – These regions: head, neck, trunk, fore limb and hind limb. Applied anatomy: application of anatomical facts on living animal.  Nomenclatures of body systems System Name Name of Study Chief Structures Skeletal system Osteology Bones Articular system Arthrology Joints Muscular system Myology Muscles Digestive system Splanchnology Mouth, Stomach and intestines Respiratory system Splanchnology Lungs and airways Urinary system Splanchnology Kidneys and urinary bladder Reproductive system Splanchnology Ovaries and testes and duct system Endocrine system Endocrinology Ductless glands Nervous system Neurology Brain, spinal cord, and nerves Circulatory system Cardiology Heart and vessels Sensory system Esthesiology Eye and ear Common integument Dermatology Skin and its associated structures  Anatomical terminology Terms used to indicate the precise position and direction of parts of the body the terms listed below apply to a quadruped (four- legged) animal in an ordinary standing position. Body planes  Body planes Real or imaginary planes, passing through the animal, or part of it dividing the body into segments Median, midsagital or longitudinal plane is an imaginary plane passing through the body so as to divide the body into equal right and left halves. Sagittal plane, paramedian plane: in head, body or limb parallel to the median plane.  Transverse or segmental plane: is at right angles to the median plane and divides the body into cranial and caudal segments Frontal ( horizontal or coronal): perpendicular to the median and transverse planes and divides the body into dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower) segments  Surfaces, positions and directions Medial : close to or toward the median plane. The heart is medial to the lungs Lateral: is the antonym of medial; it means away from the median plane. The ribs are lateral to the lungs Dorsal: means toward or beyond the backbone or vertebral column. The kidneys are dorsal to the intestines; they are closer to the vertebral column. Dorsum: is the noun referring to the dorsal portion or back. A saddle is placed on the dorsum of a horse. Ventral : means away from the vertebral column or toward ground. The udder is the most ventral part of the body of a cow  Cranial : toward the cranium (brain case) Caudal : the cauda (tail) of the animal Both cranial and caudal terms used in neck, trunk and for limbs proximal to carpus and tarsus. In head the term rostral (toward rostrum, tip of nose) used instead of cranial Deep and internal indicate proximity to the center of an anatomical structure. The humerus (arm bone) is deep in relation to all other structures in the arm. Superficial and external refer to proximity to the surface of the body. Hair is superficial to all other structures of the body.  Terms applied to the limbs Proximal: toward the trunk as proximal end of radius Distal: away from trunk as distal end of radius Axial surface of a digit faces the axis (center line) while the abaxial surface faces away from the axis  Dorsal: cranial face of the distal part of the forelimb (distal to carpus). In addition, it can refer to the dorsum of the manus (homologue of the hand). Palmar: refers to the face opposite the dorsal face of manus. Radial: medial side of the forearm in which the radius is located. Ulnar: lateral side of the forearm With reference to the pelvic limb or hindlimb Dorsal: the anterior face of the distal part of the pelvic limb. in addition, it can refer to the dorsum of the pes (foot). Plantar: refers to the face opposite the dorsal face. Tibial: medial side of the leg on which the tibia is located medially. Fibular: lateral side of the leg on which the fibula is located laterally Planes of head Planes of limbs Descriptive Terms of the Skeletal System The surfaces of bones are characterized by eminences (projections), depressions (cavities) and foramina. The cavities or projections of bones may be articular or non-articular. The non-articular one may give attachment to muscles, tendons or fascia as well as ligaments.  Non articular projections Process is a general term of a prominence which is non-articular (e.g. Spinous Process of the Scapula). Tuberosity is a large rounded non-articular projection (e.g. Metacarpal Tuberosity). Tubercle is similar to the above but smaller. Trochanter is a non-articular prominence (e.g. Trochanters of the femur). Spine or spinous process is a pointed projection (e.g. Dorsal & Ventral spines of vertebrae). Crest is a sharp ridge. Line is a very small ridge (e.g. muscular lines of the subscapular fossa). Epicondyle is a non-articular projection in connection with the condyle (e.g. Epicondyle of the femur) Hamulus is hook like projection Malleolus is round projection (e.g. medial and lateral malleolus of tibia)  Articular projections Head is a rounded articular enlargement placed at the proximal end of the bone, and usually medial in position (e.g. Head of Humerus & Femur). Condyle is an articular eminence, somewhat cylindrical in shape (e.g. Condyles of the femur Trochlea Is a pulley like articular mass (e.g. Trochlea of the femur) Facet is small flat articular surface (e.g. costal facet of vertebrae)  Non articular depressions Fossa is large non articular depression of the bones (e.g. supraspinous fossa of scapula) Fovea is small non articular depression (e.g. fovea capitis of head of femur) Groove (sulcus) is elongated usually deep (e.g. musculospiral grove of humerus) Foramen is circumscribed hole or perforation of the bone ( nutrient foramen) Fissure is liner defect of the bone or between two bones Canal is tunnel through one or more bone ( e.g. vertebral canal) Meatus is short canal (e.g. external acuastic meatus of ear) Alveolus is the tooth socket  Articular depressions Glenoid cavity is a shallow articular cavity (e.g. glenoid cavity of the scapula). Acetabulum or cotyloid cavity is a deep articular cavity (e.g. Acetabulum of the pelvic bone). Notch may be articular depression of bone (semilunar notch of ulna). It usually used also to describe non articular depression