3rd Quarter Exam - 1ST DAY Science - Fil PDF

3rd Quarterly Exam - 1ST DAY (Sci - Fil) SCIENCE LESSON 1: COORDINATED FUNCTIONS OF THE SYSTEMS OF THE BODY (Reproductive, Endocrine, and Nervous) Reproductive System -​ It governs a new life and is responsible for procreations. -​ Development and nourishment of a new individual – uterus....

3rd Quarterly Exam - 1ST DAY (Sci - Fil) SCIENCE LESSON 1: COORDINATED FUNCTIONS OF THE SYSTEMS OF THE BODY (Reproductive, Endocrine, and Nervous) Reproductive System -​ It governs a new life and is responsible for procreations. -​ Development and nourishment of a new individual – uterus. -​ Production of gametes. -​ Gametes: Sperm Cells (male) and Egg Cells (female) -​ Production of reproductive hormones: Testosterone (male), Estrogen (female), and Progesterone (female). *Hormones travel through our bloodstream. Male Reproductive System -​ Secretion of male sex hormones (testosterone). -​ Production and transfer of sperm cells. -​ Testis (singular) / Testes (plural) / Testicle/s: ​ It is responsible for secreting and making *testosterone. ​ *Stimulates the development of masculine characteristics. Female Reproductive System -​ Production of female sex hormones (estrogen (main), progesterone). -​ Production of egg cells. -​ Reception (receiving) of sperm cells from a male. -​ Nurturing the development of and providing nourishment for the new individual (pregnancy). -​ Ovaries: ​ Secretes hormones (estrogen, progesterone). Endocrine System -​ Secretes hormones to regulate production. -​ Responsible for many reactions (bone development, heartbeat, capacity to have a baby) -​ Helps control mood, growth, and development. -​ Major organs: Glands (Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Ovary, Testis) -​ *The major organs here are also major organs in the reproductive and nervous systems. -​ *Hormonal imbalances occur when there is too much or too little of a hormone in the blood. -​ *During puberty, the endocrine system releases hormones for sexual maturity. Nervous System -​ It acts as the control center of the body and the physical response to reproduction -​ Sends, receives and processes information throughout the body and from the environment. -​ Major organ: Brain Central Nervous System -​ Brain ​ Controls most of the functions of the body. -​ Spinal Cord ​ The pathway for messages sent by the brain to the body and from the body to the brain. Peripheral Nervous System -​ Nerves (groups of neurons) ​ Carry electrical impulses between your brain and the rest of the body. ​ *Stimulus is something that triggers a reaction. Neuron Structure -​ Has 6 structures: ​ Dendrites - receive information from sensory receptors (five senses) ​ Nucleus - center of life, provides energy ​ Cell Body - holds the nucleus, the cell’s life support center ​ Axon - carries the neuron’s messages to other body areas ​ Myelin Sheath - covers the axon (protection), and helps speed neural impulses ​ Terminal Branches of Axon - form junctions with other cells (connection) 3 Types of Neuron: -​ Sensory Neuron - receives information (5 senses) -​ Interneuron - processes information (brain and spinal cord) -​ Motor Neuron - cause action in muscles or glands (movement) Feedback Mechanisms and Homeostasis Homeostasis -​ Process by which living organisms maintain a steady internal state. (if the hormones are normal) -​ A state of balance among all the body systems in order for it to survive and function properly. -​ Balancing of hormones. -​ “Balance”, “normal state” Feedback Mechanisms/Loops -​ Processes where a change to the system results in an alarm that triggers a certain result. -​ The result will either increase the change to the system or reduce it to bring the system back to normal. -​ Feedback loops are important because they allow living organisms to maintain homeostasis. Positive Feedback -​ Occurs in nature when the product of a reaction leads to an increase in that reaction. -​ Here, the levels of hormones are increasing and the body is not in the normal state. -​ It does this by amplifying the effects of a product or event and occurs when something needs to happen quickly. -​ -​ Trigger: the pressure/force of the baby’s head to the cervix, which leads to the secretion of the hormone: oxytocin and stimulates the positive feedback. Negative Feedback -​ Occurs when the product of a reaction leads to a decrease in that reaction. -​ Responsible for stabilization of a system, and ensure the maintenance of a steady, stable state. -​ Here, the levels of the hormones are decreasing and returning the body into the normal state. -​ It affects the production of hormones in the menstrual cycle. High levels of one hormone may inhibit the production of another hormone. -​ -​ Trigger: The spiking of blood sugar, which leads to the secretion of the hormone: insulin and stimulates the negative feedback. *Trigger - the problem that causes hormonal imbalance / the cause to which stimulates the feedback mechanism. *The hormonal imbalance that happens in childbirth (positive feedback) is the secretion of OXYTOCIN, while in blood sugar regulation (negative feedback) it is the secretion of INSULIN. Menstrual Cycle - preparation for pregnancy -​ It occurs every month, starting when a female is 10 - 13 years old. -​ 28 days (cycle length) -​ *Menstruation only occurs 5-7 days in the cycle. Two Cycles of Menstrual Cycle: -​ Ovarian Cycle - includes the events that occur in the ovaries, -​ Uterine Cycle - events that occur in the uterus. Pituitary Gland -​ Starts a series of hormonal changes that make a woman capable of pregnancy. Major Hormones -​ Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)  -​ Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Phases of Menstrual Cycle 1. Menstruation / Menstrual Phase -​ Days 1 - 7 in the cycle. -​ 3 - 7 days bleeding - release of blood, mucus, and uterus lining -​ Happens when the tissue lining of the uterus breaks down and is discharged from the female reproductive system. 2. Follicular Phase -​ Days 8 - 11 in the cycle. -​ Growth of the follicles. -​ Maturity of follicles. -​ Occurs when one ovarian grows to maturity. -​ The lining of the womb thickens in preparation for the egg cell. 3. Ovulation Phase -​ Days 11 - 15 in the cycle. -​ Release of the egg cell on the 14th day. -​ Occurs when a ripe follicle releases an egg. 4. Luteal Phase -​ Days 16 -28 in the cycle. -​ It is where the uterine lining is thickened in preparation for possible pregnancy. -​ Happens when the uterus undergoes changes in preparation for the implantation of a fertilized egg. -​ If fertilization has not taken place, the corpus luteum fades away. -​ Corpus luteum - it is the ruptured follicle that triggers the fertilization. -​ Corpus luteum creates a temporary gland that produces progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential implantation of a fertilized egg. *If the egg is fertilized, it will result in pregnancy. *If the egg is not fertilized, it will result in menstruation. Four Major Hormones: ​ Progesterone -​ Located in the Corpus Luteum in the Ovary. -​ Highest during Luteal Phase, low during Menstruation, Follicular, and Ovulation Phase. -​ After ovulation, the corpus luteum in the ovary produces progesterone, which causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and become receptive to a potential embryo. If pregnancy does not occur, progesterone levels drop and the uterine lining sheds during menstruation. -​ Prevents ovulation. -​ Helps maintain pregnancy if fertilization occurs. -​ Produced by the corpus luteum. ​ Estrogen -​ Located in the Follicle in the Ovary. -​ Highest during Ovulation and Luteal Phase, low during Menstruation and Follicular. -​ Triggers the release of the egg. -​ Responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics (breasts, endometrium, regulation of menstrual cycle) ​ Luteinizing Hormone -​ Located in the pituitary gland. -​ Develops and maintains corpus luteum. -​ Stimulates/triggers ovulation. -​ Stimulates estrogen and progesterone production from the ovary.  ​ Follicle-Stimulating Hormone -​ Produced by the pituitary gland during the first half of the menstrual cycle. -​ Stimulates the formation of follicles in the ovaries. *The menstrual cycle is the hormonal process a woman’s body goes through each month to prepare for a possible pregnancy. *A feedback mechanism is the process through which the level of a certain substance influences the level of another substance. *Possible results of Menstruation: Pregnancy (fertilized egg) and Menstruation (not fertilized egg) LESSON 2: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND MUTATIONS DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) ​ Double-helix / Double-stranded sugar ​ Single-helix / Single-stranded sugar phosphate. phosphate. ​ Sugar: Ribose ​ Sugar: Deoxyribose ​ Composed of 4 nucleobases / nucleotides: ​ Composed of 4 nucleobases / nucleotides: *Uracil​ *Thymine​ *Cytosine​ *Cytosine​ *Guanine​ *Guanine​ *Adenine *Adenine ​ Fixed pairings:​ ​ Fixed pairings:​ *Adenine - Uracil​ *Adenine - Thymine​ *Cytosine - Guanine *Cytosine - Guanine ​ Three types of RNA: 1.​ Messenger RNA (mRNA) -​ Carries the message -​ Carries the genetic code from the DNA, out of the nucleus to the ribosomes. 2.​ Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) -​ RNA found inside the ribosomes that make up their structure 3.​ Transfer RNA (tRNA) -​ RNA that carries the amino acids into the ribosomes to make a protein -​ Responsible for carrying anticodon Codon -​ From mRNA -​ A sequence of three nucleotides on a mRNA molecule that encode a specific amino acid. Anticodon -​ From tRNA -​ A sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that bond to a complementary sequence on an mRNA molecule. Protein Synthesis - starts with DNA replication (DNA -> RNA -> Protein) Two general processes of protein synthesis: ​ Transcription (DNA > mRNA)  -​ Occurs in the nucleus. -​ Has 3 processes: a.​ Initiation - separation of DNA strands b.​ Elongation - a single strand of DNA will have base pairings from mRNA. Ex. ​ ATC/GAT/CGC - DNA strand UAG/CUA/GCG - mRNA (codon), (has 3 codons) AUC/GAU/CGC - tRNA (anticodon) c.​ Termination - completed mRNA strand will leave the nucleus. (from nucleus to cytoplasm to ribosome) ​ Translation (mRNA > Protein)​ ​ ​ -​ Occurs in the ribosome. Ex. UAG/CUA/GCG - mRNA (codon) STOP LEU ALA - Amino Acid *Amino acids are building blocks of protein Mistakes (mutations) -​ Mistakes in the DNA are known as mutations. -​ Not all mutations are necessarily bad, but many are detrimental (harmful) Two Types of Mutations: -​ Chromosomal Mutations - large pieces of the DNA (FOUND IN TRANSCRIPTION) ​ Deletion - loss of a piece of chromosome (codes will be adjusted) ​ Insertion - there is a code added ​ Inversion - the direction of parts of chromosome are reversed (transposition, changes in position) ​ Duplication - an extra piece of an already existing piece chromosome is produced (two letters that are next to each other are the same) -​ Gene Mutations - Individual nucleotide errors (FOUND IN TRANSLATION) ​ Silent Mutation - there is a change in the codes but the name of the amino acids retain ​ Frameshift Mutation - deletion and insertion ​ Nonsense Mutation - mutation in a DNA sequence that causes a premature stop codon (early stop) ​ Missense Mutation - there is a change in code and change in amino acid EXAMPLES: TAC / GAT / CGC - Original Sequence (DNA) AUG / CUA / GCG - mRNA Met Leu Ala - Amino Acid Sequence *CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS Deletion: (based on the Original Sequence) TAC / ATC / GC - there is letter missing Insertion: (based on the Orig. Seq.) TAC / TGA / TCG / C - there is a letter added (that is not the same with any letter beside it) Inversion: (Orig. Seq.) TAC / GTA / CGC - there are letters that changed their positions Duplication: (Orig. Seq.) TAC / GGA / TCG / C - there is a letter added that is the SAME as the letter beside it TAC / GAT / CGC - Original Sequence (DNA) AUG / CUA / GCG - mRNA Met Leu Ala - Amino Acid Sequence *GENETIC MUTATIONS (all examples are based on the information above) Silent: change in code, name of amino acid is the same TAC / GAT / CGT - DNA AUG / CUA / GCA - mRNA Met Leu Ala - Amino Acid Seq. Frameshift: deletion or insertion TAC / GAT / GC - DNA AUG / CUA / CG - mRNA Met Leu - Amino Acid Seq. Nonsense: Early stop TAC / ATC / CGC - DNA AUG / UAG / GCG - mRNA Met Stop - Amino Acid Seq. Missense: change in code and change in name of amino acids TAC / GGT / CGC - DNA AUG / CCA / GCG - mRNA Met Pro Ala - Amino Acid Seq. LESSON 3: THEORY OF EVOLUTION Evolution -​ Species change over time – a long time Theory -​ An idea about how something in nature works that has gone through rigorous testing through observations and experiments designed to prove the idea right or wrong. Theory of Evolution -​ Theory that all living species have developed as a result of changes in their genetic material over time. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck -​ The first evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time. His theories: 1.​ The Theory of Need -​ Organisms change in response to their environment. -​ e.g. Giraffes’ necks grow longer over time since they stretch their necks in order to reach high trees for food. 2.​ The Theory of Use and Disuse -​ Organs not in use will disappear while organs in use will develop. -​ e.g. Giraffes’ necks were used, to be able to reach leaves that is why it grew longer. 3.​ The Theory of Acquired Characteristics (NOT ACCEPTED) -​ Acquired characteristics were believed to be inherited by their offsprings and propagated by the next generation. -​ Characteristics from ancestors. -​ e.g. The ancestors of the giraffe had small necks. They lived in areas where there was no surface vegetation. Therefore, they had to stretch their neck to eat leaves from tall plants. Consequently, these parts got elongated. This trait was transmitted in the successive generations. Charles Darwin -​ “Father of Evolution” -​ He gained this title since he was able to compile all his theories in a book called, “The Origin of Species” -​ He developed the idea of natural selection. -​ Survival of the “fittest” (fittest : organisms) Alfred Russel Wallace -​ He had the same concept as Charles Darwin yet Charles Darwin was the first to publish this topic. Darwinian Theory -​ States that there were already varieties of organisms yet the one who can survive are the ones who are able to adapt. Theory of Natural Selection -​ It started on his voyage to Galapagos Island. – he went to Galapagos for 5 years to gather scientific information and develop his theories. -​ The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. Evidence of Evolution 1.​ Molecular Evidence from DNA Sequence 2.​ The Fossil Record 3.​ Comparative Embryology 4.​ Structural & Anatomical Evidence Comparative Embryology -​ Similarities found in embryos of species that grow up to be very different. -​ Structural & Anatomical Evidence -​ Involves comparing the body structure of organisms. ​ Homologous - same structure, different function ​ Analogous - different structure, same function ​ Vestigial Organ/s - organs that can be removed e.g. appendix, wisdom teeth Molecular Evidence -​ The definition of being related to someone is sharing DNA - your hereditary material. -​ This is the STRONGEST and MOST RELIABLE evidence. -​ Organisms with the most similar genes are more closely related. Fossil Record -​ The greatest source of evidence for evolution, because it tells us that species from the past were very different than they are today. -​ Remains of the organisms -​ Fossils cannot provide DNA, so scientists analyze the structural evidence to look for similarities and differences, and use chemical evidence to determine the age of the fossils. FILIPINO MGA ANEKDOTA SA BUHAY NI NELSON MANDELA Anekdota -​ Ito ay isang uri ng maikling kwento na ang nilalaman ay kawili-wiling insidente sa buhay ng isang tanyag na tao na nagbibigay-aral. Dalawang uri nito ay: -​ Haka-haka - opinyon/kathang-isip -​ Hango sa totoong buhay Hulyo 18 -​ “Mandela Day” Araw kung kailan hinihikayat ang lahat na gumawa ng kabutihan para sa iba. -​ Kaarawan ni Nelson Mandela (Hulyo 18, 1918) -​ Mensahe ng araw na ito: “Ang bawat tao ay may kakayahan at tungkuling baguhin ang mundo para sa ikabubuti ng kapwa -​ Pinagtibay sa UN General Assembly noong 2009. - Hindi mahalaga kung sa maliit o malaking paraan mo naisasagawa ang kabutihan, ang importante’y sinisimulan mo ito sa iyong munting paraan. -​ Lahat ay hinahamong gawing araw-araw ang Mandela Day. -​ Ang mga sumusunod ay nagbibigay-diin sa Nelson Mandela Foundation: Pagtulong sa pamamagitan ng… ​ Pamamahagi ng pagkain ​ Edukasyon at literasi ​ Pabahay at imprastraktura ​ Pagbibigay serbisyo at pagboboluntaryo Apat na Katangian ni Nelson Mandela ​ Pinakadakila - Siya ay nag-iiwan ng mabuting ehemplo (model) ​ Hinahangaan - dahil siya ay mabuti, mapagkumbaba, marangal, masayahin, at tunay na maginoo ​ Iginagalang ​ Minamahal Nelson Mandela -​ Nabilanggo siya sa loob ng 27 na taon dahil siya ay kabilang sa isang anti-apartheid campaign o isang kampanyang hindi sang-ayon sa apartheid (“discrimination against race” o kapootang panlahi) -​ Nakakuha siya ng Nobel Peace Prize noong 1993 dahil sa pakikipaglaban niya sa karapatan ng mga itim at para matigil ang apartheid. -​ Kauna-unahang Itim na pangulo sa Aprika na naihalal noong 1994. Rolihlahla -​ “pulling the branch of a tree” or “troublemaker” Mga Talasalitaan ​ Minamahal – taong pinag-uukulan ng pagmamahal ​ Mahalin – sinasabi sa Bibliya na dapat gawin para sa isang kaaway ​ Nagmamahal – taong nakadarama o nagbibigay ng pagmamahal ​ Nagmamahalan – dalawang taong may pag-ibig sa isa’t isa ​ Mamahalin – isang bagay na mataas ang presyo o hindi mura ​ Mapagpakumbaba – may mababang loob ​ Marangal – dakila ​ Hagalpakan – tawanan ​ Magiliw – masaya ​ Halina – pang-akit Mga Halimbawa ng Segregasyon sa Apartheid -​ Ang mga itim ay hindi pinapayagang tumira o magtrabaho sa mga lugar na para lamang sa mga puti. -​ May magkakahiwalay na pasilidad tulad ng paaralan, ospital, at pampublikong transportasyon para sa iba't ibang lahi. -​ Pinagbawalan ang mga itim na bumoto o magkaroon ng posisyon sa gobyerno. Mga Anekdota: Ayon kay JOHN CARLIN… -​ John Carlin, isang tanyag na manunulat at dating Bureau Chief ng London Independent sa South Africa mula 1989 - 1995. -​ Ang mabuti at mainit na pagtrato (paggalang at pagpapahalaga) ni Nelson sa babae na dating empleyado ng mga pangulong naging malupit sa mga Itim na katulad niya. -​ Walang pinaalis na empleyado si Mandela. Ayon kay JESSIE DUARTE… -​ Jessie Duarte, Deputy Secretary-General na naging personal assistant ni Mandela mula 1990 - 1994. -​ Nakasanayan na ni Mandela ang pagtiklop at pag-ayos ng kanyang pinagtulugan kahit sila ay nasa isang napakagandang hotel sa China. Sinasabi ni Duarte na hindi kailangang ayusin ang pinagtulugan niya dahil ito ay nakakainsulto sa kanilang kultura. -​ Dahil dito, pinatawag ni Mandela ang manager ng hotel at kinausap ito. Ayon kay JOHN SIMPSON… -​ John Simpson, isang mamamahayag at World Affairs Editor ng BBC News. -​ Pumunta siya sa dating paaralan ni Simpson sa Cambridge bilang isang tagapagsalita. -​ Sa kanyang talumpati, pinakita niya ang kanyang “sense of humor” at pagpapakumbaba. Ayon kay MATT DAMON… -​ Matt Damon, isang kilalang artista sa Amerika na kasama sa mga artistang gumanap sa pelikula tungkol sa buhay ni Mandela na Invictus. -​ Pinakita niya ang taglay niyang pagkamasayahin sa mga anak ni Matt Damon. Ayon kay RICK STENGEL… -​ Rick Stengel, siya ay nakasama ni Mandela nang halos dalawang taon habang isinusulat niya ang talambuhay nitong Long Walk to Freedom. -​ Noong 1994, nangangampanya si Mandela at sumakay sila sa isang maliit na eroplano papuntang Zulu. Nagkaaberya ang makina ng eroplanong kanilang sinasakyan. Nag-panic ang mga pasahero, subalit sila ay napakalma dahil nakita nilang tahimik na nagbabasa ng dyaryo si Mandela. APAT NA KOMPONENT NG KASANAYANG KOMUNIKATIBO ​ Komponent – bahagi/parte ​ Kasanayan – skill -> praktis ​ Komunikasyon – pakikipagtalastasan ​ Proseso -> mensahe (wika) -> pasalita – tunog, pasulat – letra/titik, di-verbal - galaw, kilos, kumpas Limang Makrong Kasanayan 1.​ Pagsasalita 2.​ Pakikinig 3.​ Pagbabasa 4.​ Pagsusulat 5.​ Panonood -> obserbasyon 1. Gramatikal o Linggwistiko -​ Ayon kay Canale at Swain, ang kakayahang gramatikal ay pag-unawa at paggamit sa kasanayan sa ponolohiya, morpolohiya, sintaks, semantika gayundin ang tuntuning pang-ortograpiya. -​ Ang komponent na ito ay magbibigay kakayahang sa taong nagsasalita upang magamit ang kaalaman at kasanayan sa pag-unawa at pagpapahayag ng literal na kahulugan ng mga salita -​ Ang mga tanong na sinasagot ng gramatikal komponent ay: 1.​ Anong salita ang angkop gamitin? 2.​ Paano magagamit ng tama ang mga salita sa parirala at pangungusap? Ponolohiya Morpolohiya (Bahagi ng Sintaks (Palatunugan) pananalita) Pag-aaral ng tunog. Pag-aaral ng salita. Pagsasama-sama ng mga salita upang makabuo *Ponema - pinakamaliit *Morpema - pinakamaliit na ng pangungusap na may kahulugan. na tunog. yunit ng salita. (salitang-ugat) -​ Ginagamitan ng panlapi. (unlapi, gitlapi, at hulapi) Segmental Iba’t ibang bahagi ng - Istruktura ng pangungusap - Katinig, patinig, tunog pananalita (pangngalan, - Pagpapalawak ng pangungusap pandiwa, pangatnig, pang-ukol, pang-halip) Suprasegmental - diin, Pagbubuo ng salita Tamang pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga salita intonasyon, hinto Prosesong derivational at Uri ng pangungusap ayon sa Gamit – pasalaysay, infectional patanong , pautos, padamdam Kayarian – payak, tambalan hugnayan, langkapan Leksikon Ortograpiya -Mga salita o bokabularyo Mga grafema Content words - pangngalan pandiwa, pang-uri, pang-abay -titik o di titik Function words - panghalip, mga pang-ugnay, (pangukol, pangatnig, pang-angkop) Pantig at Konotasyon - ang malalim na kahulugan ng salita palapantigan Denotasyon - ay literal na kahulugan ng salita na galing sa diksyonaryo -kolokasyon – pagtatambal ng salita sa isa pang subordinate na salita. Tuntunin sa pagbabaybay. Tuldik, mga bantas Orotgrapiya -> ortos (tama) at Graphia (pagsulat) ​ Mahalagang batid ng nagsasalita ang tuntuning panggramatika dahil magagamit ito sa epektibong pagbuo ng salita, pangungusap, tamang pagbigkas, pagbaybay at pagbibigay-kahulugan sa salita Katangian ng Wika -​ Masistemang (organisado) talangkas (outline) -​ Tunog (ponema) -> segmental (patinig (5), katinig (23), klaster at diptonggo) at suprasegmental (antala, tono, diin at haba) 2. Sosyo-lingguwistik -​ Ang komponent na nagbibigay kakayahan sa nagsasalita upang magamit ang salitang naaangkop sa sitwasyon at sa kontekstong sosyal ng lugar kung saan ginagamit ang wika. Kailangang alam at magamit ang salitang angkop para sa hinihinging pagkakataon. -​ Ang mga tanong na sinasagot ng komponent na sosyo-lingguwistik ay: 1.​ Anong salita o parirala ang angkop sa partikular na lugar at sitwasyon? 2.​ Paano maipahahayag nang maayos at hindi mabibigyan ng iba o maling interpretasyon ang inilalahad na paggalang, pakikipagkaibigan, paninindigan, at iba pa? 3.​ Paano ko makikilala ang kaugalian at kulturang taglay ng isang tao sa pamamagitan ng mga salitang kanyang ginagamit? -​ Sosyo (lipunan) at Linggwistik (wika) -​ Kailangang alam at magamit ang salitang angkop para sa hinihinging pagkakataon -​ Kailangang naaayon ang pahayag sa konteksto ng lipunang kinabibilangan -​ Nag-iiba ang paggamit ng wika ng isang indibidwal depende sa taong kanyang kausap -​ Minsan, iniaayon din sa lugar kung saan naroon at kinokonsidera ang paksa ng usapan na tinatalakay. Dell Hymes ​ S (Setting) ​ P (Participant) ​ E (Ends) ​ A (Act Sequence) ​ K (Keys) ​ I (Instrumentalities) ​ N (Norms) ​ G (Genre) 3. Diskorsal -​ Kakayahang magamit ang wikang binibigkas at wikang ginagamit sa pagsulat sa makabuluhang paraan upang maipabatid ang mensahe at maunawaan din ang tinanggap na mensahe -​ Binibigyan ng wastong interpretasyon ang salita, pangungusap o pahayag upang makabuo ng isang mas malawak at malalim na kahulugan Tanong -​ Sa paanong paraan mapagsasama-sama o mapaguugnay-ugnay ang mga salita, parirala at pangungusap upang makabuo ng maayos na usapan, sanaysay, talumpati, email, artikulo at iba pa? Dalawang bagay na isinasaalang-alang upang malinang kakayahang Diskorsal -​ Cohesion o Pagkakaisa -​ Coherence o pagkakaugnay-ugnay -​ Ugaliing gumamit ng mga panandang kohesyong gramatikal at panandang diskurso upang matiyak ang kaisahan at pagkakaugnay-ugnay ng kaisipan Apat na uri ng Diskurso ​ Pagsasalaysay – pagpapahayag na naglalayong magpahayag nang sunod-sunod na isang pangyayari, mga tauhan at may tagpuan ​ Paglalarawan – teksto kung saan inilalarawan ang isang biswal na konsepto tungkol sa isang tao, bagay, pook at pangyayari ​ Paglalahad – nagpapahayag ng mga tunguhin – ang paliwanag, ang pangyayari, opinion, kabatiran at mga kaisipan ​ Pangangatwiran – pagpapahayag ng isang kaisipan, paniniwala o kuro-kuro na naglalayong mapaniwala ang kausap o bumabasa sa opinion, palagay at paniniwala ng nagsasalita o ng  sumusulat 4. Kasanayang istratedyik/strategic -​ Paraan ng paggamit ng mga coping/survival strategies upang punan ang limitado o imperpektong kaalaman sa tuntunin sa wika at kontekstong sosyo-kultural para sa maayos na komunikasyon -​ Ang kasanayang ito ang nagsasabi na walang perpektong kaalaman ang nagsasalita sa kanyang wika at nagkakamali minsan nang hindi nag-aalala. Gayundin,, trabaho ng kasanayang istratedyik ay maging kulay sa kaalamang pangwika at kontekstong kinabibilangan nito. Tanong -​ Paano ko malalaman kung hindi ko pala nauunawaan ang ibig sabihin ng kausap ko o kung hindi niya nauunawaan ang gusto kong iparating? Ano ang sasabihin o gagawin ko upang maayos ito? -​ Paano ko ipapahayag ang aking pananaw nang hindi nabibigyan ng maling interpretasyon ang aking sasabihin kung hindi ko alam ang tawag sa isang bagay? -​ Dahil kasama sa kasanayang strategic ang pag-unawa sa mga tagong kahulugan na hindi matutunghayan sa mga salitang inihahayag sa usapan, mahalaga, kung gayon ang kaalaman sa di-berbal na komunikasyon. -​ Ayon kay Bernales (2016), tinatayang 70% ng mga pakikipagtalastasang interpersonal ay binubuo ng mga di-berbal na simbolo. Ito ang mga senyas na hindi gumagamit ng salita subalit mas nakapagpapalinaw sa kahulugan ng mga pahayag. ARKITEKTO NG KAPAYAPAAN (sanaysay ni Archbishop Desmond Tutu) Arkitekto - Pundasyon *Apartheid - Polisiyang biunuo ng mga Puti na inihihiwalay ang mga Puti sa mga Itim. *Pass Law System -​ hindi maaring magpunta sa mga lugar na nakatalaga para sa mga Puti ang mga Itim na edad 16 pataas kung wala silang dalang pass na ibinigay ng pamahalaan. -​ Hindi mabibigyan kung walang pinag-aralan -​ Kung nakapagtapos ng kolehiyo ay pasado dito. -​ Nawala dahil kay Nelson Mandela *1990 - taon kung kailan inilabas si Mandela sa kulungan. Nakipagtulungan sa pamahalaan ni President F.W. Klerk upang makapagtatag ng bagong konstitusyon sa Aprika. (isang bahagi) Nahahati ang dagat sa dalawa: mabato at malinis. Mabato - Aprikano / Itim Malinis - Amerikano / Puti ​ Mga magulang ni Nelson -​ Tatay: guro -​ Nanay: kusinera sa isang paaralan ng mga bingi DALAWANG URI NG SANAYSAY ​ Pormal -​ Sanaysay na tumatalakay sa mga seryosong paksa at nangangailangan ng masusing pag-aaral at malalim na pagkaunawa sa paksa. Inaakay ng manunulat ang mga mambabasa sa malalim na pag-isip upang makabuo ng sariling pagpapasya at kumilos pagkatapos. -​ Makatotohanang impormasyon -​ Maingat na tinalakay -​ Makaagham at Lohikal -​ *Mga Layunin: mapaliwanag, manghikayat, magturo ​ Di-Pormal -​ Sanaysay na tumatalakay sa mga paksang magaan, karaniwan, pang-araw-araw at personal. binibigyang diin ng manunulat ang mga bagay-bagay, mga karanasan o isyung maaaring magpakilala ng personalidad ng manunulat o pakikisangkot niya sa mga mambabasa. -​ Mapang-aliw -​ Mapagbiro -​ Mga karanasan, paglalagay ng loob ng may-akda -​ *Mga Layunin: Mangganyak, Magpatawa, Manudyo