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1. Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton? a) Femur b) Skull c) Clavicle d) Scapula 2. Which of the following bones is part of the appendicular skeleton? a) Ribs b) Sternum c) Humerus d) Vertebrae 3. What type of bone is the patella? a) Flat b) Sesamoid c) Long d) Short 4....

1. Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton? a) Femur b) Skull c) Clavicle d) Scapula 2. Which of the following bones is part of the appendicular skeleton? a) Ribs b) Sternum c) Humerus d) Vertebrae 3. What type of bone is the patella? a) Flat b) Sesamoid c) Long d) Short 4. Which of the following is an example of a flat bone? a) Femur b) Parietal bone c) Humerus d) Patella 5. The process of blood cell production in the bone marrow is called: a) Calcification b) Hemopoiesis c) Ossification d) Remodeling 6. Where is red bone marrow typically found in adults? a) Medullary cavity of long bones b) Diaphysis of long bones c) Epiphyses of long bones d) Compact bone 7. What is the function of yellow bone marrow? a) Blood cell production b) Mineral storage c) Fat storage d) Detoxification 8. Which type of cell in bone tissue is responsible for bone formation? a) Osteoclast b) Osteocyte c) Osteoblast d) Chondrocyte 9. Osteoclasts function to: a) Form new bone b) Break down bone tissue c) Maintain bone tissue d) Secrete collagen 10. What type of cartilage covers the epiphysis of long bones? a) Elastic cartilage b) Hyaline cartilage c) Fibrocartilage d) Articular cartilage 11. The periosteum is: a) The innermost layer of bone b) A dense connective tissue layer covering the external surface of bones c) A cavity within bones where marrow is stored d) The smooth layer of cartilage on joint surfaces 12. The endosteum is found: a) Covering the outer surface of bones b) Lining the inner surfaces of bone, including the medullary cavity c) Between the epiphysis and diaphysis d) Between compact and spongy bone 13. What is ossification? a) The process of forming red blood cells b) The breakdown of bone by osteoclasts c) The process of bone formation d) The conversion of cartilage into bone 14. Which type of bone growth increases the thickness of bones? a) Endochondral ossification b) Interstitial growth c) Appositional growth d) Intramembranous ossification 15. Endochondral ossification differs from intramembranous ossification in that: a) It forms bones from mesenchyme b) It forms bones by replacing hyaline cartilage c) It occurs only in flat bones d) It forms the skull bones 16. The epiphyseal plate is responsible for: a) Bone width growth b) Bone length growth c) Bone remodeling d) Fracture healing 17. What is the function of the central canal in an osteon? a) Provides bone with structural strength b) Houses blood vessels and nerves c) Produces bone matrix d) Absorbs shock 18. Which of the following fractures occurs when one side of the bone breaks and the other bends? a) Comminuted fracture b) Greenstick fracture c) Stress fracture d) Open fracture 19. The first step in fracture repair is: a) Bone remodeling b) Formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus c) Formation of a hematoma d) Formation of a bony callus 20. Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity? a) Calcitonin b) Parathyroid hormone c) Growth hormone d) Thyroxine 21. Hematopoiesis occurs in: a) Compact bone b) Red bone marrow c) Yellow bone marrow d) Periosteum 22. In adults, lipids are stored in the: a) Red bone marrow b) Compact bone c) Yellow bone marrow d) Spongy bone 23. When there is too little calcium in the blood, which cells begin to resorb bone to release calcium? a) Osteoblasts b) Osteoclasts c) Osteocytes d) Chondrocytes 24. Osteoclast activity is inhibited by which hormone when blood calcium levels rise above normal? a) Calcitonin b) Parathyroid hormone c) Thyroxine d) Estrogen 25. Osteocytes reside in: a) Lacunae b) Central canals c) Canaliculi d) Periosteum 26. Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis and bone matrix formation? a) Vitamin A b) Vitamin D c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin K 27. The cytoplasm is located: a) Inside the nucleus b) Outside the plasma membrane c) Between the plasma membrane and the nucleus d) Outside the mitochondria 28. What is the role of ribosomes in the cell? a) Produce ATP b) Synthesize proteins c) Store calcium d) Generate lipids 29. The difference between smooth ER and rough ER is that rough ER: a) Produces lipids b) Contains ribosomes on its surface c) Breaks down toxins d) Stores calcium 30. What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? a) Protein and lipid packaging and distribution b) DNA replication c) Cellular respiration d) Protein synthesis 31. Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell? a) Lysosome b) Golgi apparatus c) Mitochondria d) Ribosomes 32. Lysosomes are responsible for: a) Protein synthesis b) Digesting waste and damaged organelles c) Lipid synthesis d) Energy production 33. What is autolysis? a) Protein production b) Cell death initiated by the cell itself c) Synthesis of carbohydrates d) Formation of ATP 34. What is osmosis? a) Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane b) Movement of solutes across a membrane c) Transport of ions across a cell membrane d) Active transport of glucose 35. Which type of tissue lines body surfaces and cavities? a) Muscle tissue b) Nervous tissue c) Connective tissue d) Epithelial tissue 36. Where is transitional epithelium found? a) In the skin b) In the urinary bladder c) In the intestines d) In the lungs 37. Simple squamous epithelium can be found in: a) The heart b) The air sacs of the lungs c) The intestines d) The epidermis 38. What is the function of fibroblasts in connective tissue? a) To store fat b) To produce collagen and other fibers c) To transport oxygen d) To contract muscles 39. Which type of connective tissue has the most collagen fibers and provides strength and support? a) Loose connective tissue b) Dense connective tissue c) Cartilage d) Adipose tissue 40. Which cells in connective tissue are involved in the immune response and release histamine? a) Fibroblasts b) Mast cells c) Adipocytes d) Osteocytes 41. Cartilage found in the intervertebral discs is known as: a) Elastic cartilage b) Hyaline cartilage c) Fibrocartilage d) Articular cartilage 42. Which muscle tissue type is voluntary? a) Cardiac muscle b) Smooth muscle c) Skeletal muscle d) Nervous tissue 43. What is the main function of nervous tissue? a) Support and bind tissues b) Generate movement c) Conduct electrical impulses d) Protect against infection 44. What is the primary function of the skin? a) Insulation b) Protection from pathogens c) Nutrient absorption d) Muscle contraction 45. Exocrine glands secrete their products: a) Into the bloodstream b) Onto epithelial surfaces through ducts c) Directly into organs d) Into the lymphatic system 46. What layer of the skin contains the most blood vessels? a) Epidermis b) Dermis c) Hypodermis d) Stratum corneum