Phonetic & Phonological Development - LING/PSYC 370B 2023 PDF

Phonetic & phonological development LING/PSYC 370B February 3rd & 6th Gabrielle Manning  Announcements Assignment 1 is due on Thursday! 2 Roadmap Phonetic development Production development Phonological development 3 Pho...

Phonetic & phonological development LING/PSYC 370B February 3rd & 6th Gabrielle Manning  Announcements Assignment 1 is due on Thursday! 2 Roadmap Phonetic development Production development Phonological development 3 Phonetic & phonological features Sound systems of language are intricate and patterned Each language has a collection of sounds and phonotactic constraints, for instance… computer utprceom gauč dog English Czech 4 Phonetic & phonological features When babies are learning their first language (L1), they start by creating mental templates for the sounds of that language /b/ vs. /p/ bat pat When babies are learning their L1, comprehension/perception precedes production 5 Phonetic development 6 Speech perception Newborns recognize contrasting sounds Voiced and voiceless (e.g., /z/ vs. /s/) Aspirated and unaspirated (/p/vs. /ph/ - tip vs. pick) As infants age, they narrow in on important sounds for the L1 Mandarin: no distinction between voiced and voiceless sounds Bilingual infants: keep sounds from both languages 7  Categorical perception control 3 groups of L1 English infants 6-8, 8-10, 10-12-months Infants listened to contrasts: Hindi: [t̪] vs. [ʈ] Salish: [k̀] vs. [q̀] Decline in distinction due to specific language experience Werker & Tees (1984) 8 Single words Babies hear single words in speech approx. 10% of the time bankiritubendudifin kiri & dudi = parents names, heard often in isolation tamfinatbankirisan 9  Single words Infants have been shown to do this with real words at 6-months of age! Infants segment words out of sentences if they are beside familiar words familiar word of interest bike car repeated novel Maggie’s bike had big black wheels. feet ball The girl laughed at Mommy’s feet. familiar word of interest 10 Bortfeld (2005) Phonotactic constraints *banriptangbowpkesternladlfoop banriptangbowpkesternladlfoop Knowledge of phonotactic constraints as young as 9-month-olds cubeb zampljes English Dutch dudgeon vlatke Babies listen longer to lists of words containing high-probability phonotactics “at” “alf” High low hat, bat, cat shelf, ralph 11 Statistical learning 8-month-olds can segment streams of speech from their own Familiarization language as well as novel languages Infants paid more attention to word sounds from the bidaku familiarization phase golabu dutaba Transitional probability: the probability that a certain sequence will occur based on the occurrence of another sequence padoti Test 0.33 0.33 bidaku dakugo bidaku padoti golabu padoti golabu buduta words from parts of two 1 1 1 1 familiarization words 12 Saffran et al. (1996) Production development 13 Stages of vocalization Reflexive Cooing Vocal play vocalizations and laughter Age: birth – 2 months Age: 2 – 4 months Age: 4 – 6 months Sounds: associated Sounds: coos, sounds Sounds: loud/soft with biological like long vowels and sounds, high/low functions (e.g., crying) change as infants age sounds, consonant and vowel-like sounds (e.g., [k], [g]) 14 Stages of vocalization Canonical Jargon First babbling stage words Age: 6+ months Age: 10+ months Age: around 1 year Sounds: reduplicated Sounds: strings of Sounds: initial words babbling (e.g., sounds and syllables bababa), with stress and variegated/non- intonation patterns reduplicated babbling (e.g., bagidabu) 15 Speech development Babbling drift: when speech sounds are influenced by the language(s) an infant hears French speakers can hear the differences in babbling between French and Arabic babies babbling Transitional period: children create consistent, meaningful sounds that don't resemble words in their L1 First words have a simple syllable structure Single syllables or reduplicated syllables (e.g., baba, dada) First word sounds = end of babbling phase sounds 16 Some production observations Infants tend to produce certain sounds before others [b], [d], [n], [m] easier than [f] Functional load: how important a phoneme is in marking a contrast Some sounds are initially easier to produce in different linguistic contexts E.g., sheep vs. fish Segment Whole word substitutions Weak syllable deletion – e.g., nana for banana Velar fronting – e.g., tea for key Final consonant deletion – e.g., da for dad Stopping – e.g., teep for sheep Reduplication – e.g., wawa for water Gliding – e.g., wabbit for rabbit 17 Cross-linguistic & individual differences The timeline of phoneme production varies cross-linguistically /v/ English Swedish, Bulgarian, Mid-late appearing Estonian Functional load = Early appearing Functional load = Individual differences in: E.g., vatten (water) Babbling Adult-like sounds “intonation” vs “word” babies Phonological patterns 18 Production advancement Biological Experience Psychical growth – more room to create Adult speech input – L1 influences different sounds Hearing own vocal output – practice with vocal Vocal tract muscles – control over production play Neuronal development – activation of Social feedback – adult responsiveness different brain regions 19 Articulation & phonetic representation /d̪ / /ɖ/ Babies engage with the articulatory dental retroflex system while listening to speech sounds tongue at the bottom side of tongue Groups 2 and 3 distinguished between back of teeth touches roof of mouth sounds Group flat block tongue 1 teether movement Group 2 u teether touch teeth, free tongue movement Group 3 N/A free tongue movement 20 Bruderer et al. 2015 Phonological development 21 Phonology and the lexicon Words or morphemes are considered as an “entry” in the mental lexicon (mental dictionary) Each representation has properties associated with it: Semantic, phonological, syntactic, morphological Spelling and pronunciation Relationship to other words lexical storage First words tends to be phonologically simple Phonological awareness is related to vocabulary size Lexical development facilitates a refined phonological system lexical access 22 Word recognition 18-23-months-olds Looking while listening paradigm “Baby! Look at the baby!” “Vaby! Look at the vaby!” 23 Swingly & Aslin (2000) Word recognition & accented speech Phonological constancy: infants' ability to disregard phonetic variation that does not result in lexical contrast ns * “Look at 15 months 19 months the car!” 24 Mulak et al. (2013) Word learning Can children learn new words based on fine phonetic details? Learning = surprised when sound and image are incongruent in test phase 14 and 18-month-olds show word learning from fine phonetic details Stager & Werker (1997), Werker et al. (2002) 25 Cognitive load hypothesis Linking auditory labels to visual objects is cognitively taxing Use of phonetic details is hampered when there is cognitive overload Word learning experience = fewer cognitive demands habituation test same switch din din gin 26 Measures of phonological development Phonetic inventory Accuracy of pronunciation List of speech sounds and Overall accuracy of consonant word patterns in child speech production No focus on accuracy Percentage of consonants correct (PCC) No focus on specific sounds [kæt] “cat” child pronunciation 1 1 =2 PCC = adult pronunciation [tæt] “tat” 1 PCC = = 50% 0 1 =1 2 Berko Gleason & Bernstein Ratner, 10 th edition 27