Translation Theories & Models (1930-1940) PDF

319 NOT **Tercüme Bürosu 1930 - 1940** -Turkish Humanism\ -Enlightenment\ -Cultural Awakening\ -Humanism in western sense\ -Turkish Renaissance The purpose was to provide cultural awakening with western classics and create an renaissance effect by literature. The western classics were especially...

319 NOT **Tercüme Bürosu 1930 - 1940** -Turkish Humanism\ -Enlightenment\ -Cultural Awakening\ -Humanism in western sense\ -Turkish Renaissance The purpose was to provide cultural awakening with western classics and create an renaissance effect by literature. The western classics were especially directed towards young people in the new republic. Most researchers say that Translation Bureau would promote humanism in western sense and enlightenment in Turkey. \'\'Turkish Renaissance\'\' was a specific term used by officials, academics and writers especially in the 1930s and 40s as it points to a western oriented culture. **JEROME MODEL** Equivalence - Eşdeğerlik\ Faithful\ Fidelity Word for word oriented, no need to train the translators, good use of dictionaries is enough. Bible must be translated with most fidelity.\ Translation is done as faithfully as possible. **HORACE MODEL\ **\ Jakobson - all texts can be translated except poems.\ Settlement between customers and languages in order to have faithful text. **JOHN DRYDEN** His description of translation process would have enormous impact on translation theory. 3 categories Metaphrase : word for word\ Paraphrase : sense for word\ Imitation : adaptation He prefers paraphrase and rejects other two. He thinks its wrongful to author. **ETIENNE DOLET** The aim is to spread **classical teachings** through a **humanist viewpoint** and contribute to French language development.\ The concern is to **reproduce sense** and **avoid word-for-word**. **5 PRINCIPLES** **1-** Translator must understand **sense and material.**\ **2-** Perfect knowledge of **SL and TL**.\ **3-** Translator should **avoid word-for-word.**\ **4-** Translator should **avoid Latinate and unusual forms**.\ **5-** Translator should **assemble and cooperate with words eloquently**. **ALEXANDER TYTLER** The first comprehensive and systematic study of translation in English.\ Reader-Oriented.\ He defines a good translation as being oriented towards the target language reader. **3 LAWS/RULES** **1-** Translation should give **complete transcript of ideas.\ 2-** The style and manner of writing should be **same character with original**.**\ 3-** Translation should have **all the ease of the original composition**. **YAN FU** Influenced by Tytler\'s rules. Introduced ***western thinking*** ***to China***. **3 PRINCIPLES** **- Fidelity/Faithfulness/Trueness\ - Fluency/Expressiveness/Comprehensibility/Intelligibility\ - Elegance/Gracefulness** These principles became central to 20th century Chinese translation practice and theory.\ Today its criticized bcs it is vague and difficult to apply. **SCHLEIERMACHER** Founder of modern **Protestant theology and modern hermeneutics**. **ROMAN JAKOBSON\ ** With Saussure, linguistics become a science.\ Language is a ***system.***\ Jakobson is a ***structuralist.***\ Jakobson focuses on ***equivalence*** of the message. **3 KINDS OF TRANSLATION** **Intralingual :** Rewording- Paraphrasing**\ Interlingual :** Traditional focus, proper translation**\ Intersemiotic :** Transmutation, a sudden or radical change in form. Intersemiotic is significant because translation **is not limited to verbal language**.\ **No full equivalence** between 2 lang.\ Differences in lang shape **different conceptualism** of the word.\ The actual action is the **translation of message**.\ Poetry considered **impossible to translate.** **EUGENE NIDA** Bible\ Scientific Basis\ Use of lingustics, esp from Chomsky. **Generative-Transformational Model - Chomsky** **Deep Structure -** Refers to concepts, thoughts, feelings **\-- \>** What u wish to express\ **Surface Structure** - Refers to words, language used to **represent** deep structure **\--\>** How u express Influenced by syntactic structure of Chomsky.\ Borrowed theoretical framework and terminology from Chomsky.\ Field -\> Bible Translation.\ Intention is to set foundation of bible translation on a more scientific basis. **THREE CATEGORIES OF MEANING** **Linguistic :** Relationship btwn different lingustic structures.\ EG : His House - Possesion, His Journey - Performance , His Kindness - Quality\ **\ Referential :** Literal definition of a word, word for word translation.\ **\ Emotive/Connotative :** Associations of a word produces.\ EG: Dont worry about that \'\'son\'\'. -\> Endearment or patronizing. Example: I have bought many colorful clothes.\ What, which, how many, how much, where For Nida **a successfull translation** depends on; Context, no word for word, reader oriented, conveying spirit and manner, natuaral and easy for expansion, similar response. **FORMAL AND DYNAMIC EQUIVALENCE** **Formal**\ - Directs attention to the message.\ - Give form and content.\ - Matching elements in target text.\ - Accuracy and correctness is important. **Dynamic\ **- Message should be substantially same.\ - Closest natural equivalence to SL\ - Adjustments of grammar and lexicon to achieve naturalness. **Hierarchical Structuring -** Differentiate words according to their level.**\ Componential Analysis -** Identify and discriminate specific features of related words.**\ Semantic Structure Analysis -** Encourage translator to grasp importance. **PETER NEWMARK** **Illusory\ Basics of translation and linguistic theory\ Communicative translation\ Equivalent effect** His works provided basics for **translation and linguistic theory**.\ He thinks the idea \'\'equivalent effect\'\' is succesfull is **illusory.\ **The gap between emphasis on source and target language will **remain** **dominant**.\ As long as equivalent effect is achieved, **literal translation** is best approach. **Communicative (dynamic) translation** should produce on its reader **an effect as close as possible to original** text effects on its readers.\ \ **Semantic (formal) translation** should render as closely as the semantic and syntactic structers of the second language allow. **VINAY AND DARBELNET** **Stylistic\ Texts\ Differences\ Strategies and Procedures** Carry out comparative **stylistic** analysis of FR and ENG.\ Look at **texts** in both languages.\ Noted **differences**.\ Identified different **strategies and procedures.\ ** **2 STRATEGIES and 7 PROCEDURES** **Direct:** Borrowing, calque, literal translation\ Borrowing: sushi, algebra, computer\ Calque: science-fiction\ **\ Oblique:** Transposition, modulation, idiomatic, adaptation **REISS** Act of communication\ Message to be conveyed\ Text level rather than sentence level\ Translator is the medium in communication **Text Types** **\ Informative\ Expressive\ Operative** **Intralinguistic - Extralingustic\ ** **SKOPOS** **Mary Snell-Hornby\ **Wide variety of concepts.\ German theoretical background\ Categorizing text types.\ Incorporates cultural history, literary studies, socio-cultural and area studies; and for legal,economic, medical and scientific translation, the study of the relevant subject.**\ \ \ ** **\ **