PSYC 306 Exam 2 Review PDF

Exam 2 Review Session PSYC 306 – Health Psychology Exam #2  Bring a Scantron 882-E, #2 pencil, and (optional) handwritten study sheet ◦ One 8.5” x 11” paper max, must be handwritten, front and back okay  On Chapters 6-9 (focus on lecture materials) ◦ Sleep ◦ Stress...

Exam 2 Review Session PSYC 306 – Health Psychology Exam #2  Bring a Scantron 882-E, #2 pencil, and (optional) handwritten study sheet ◦ One 8.5” x 11” paper max, must be handwritten, front and back okay  On Chapters 6-9 (focus on lecture materials) ◦ Sleep ◦ Stress ◦ Pain and placebo ◦ Alternative approaches ◦ Cardiovascular disease Sleep  Brainwaves in Different Levels of Consciousness List the brainwaves from high consciousness (alert) to low consciousness (deep sleep): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5  Importance of Sleep List some of the reasons sleep is important: Including effect from/on stress and exercise List some of the detrimental effects of sleep loss: Stages of Sleep Characteristics of Stages: ▪ Awake ▪ Stage 1: ▪ Stage 2: ▪ Stage 3: ▪ Rapid Eye Movement (REM): 12 13 14 Chapter 6 - Stress Stress Management & Reduction  Stress Which pathway does the short- term (acute) stress response activate? What neurochemical is released? Which pathway does the long- term (chronic) stress response activate? What neurochemical is released? Be able to label the long-term (chronic) stress response system, as shown and discussed in lecture What are some of the symptoms of high cortisol levels? What are some of the ways to de-stress and reduce anxiety, as discussed in class? Review the stress management and reduction techniques discussed in class, including: Meditation Body Scans Progressive Muscle Relaxation Breathing Techniques (e.g. 4-6-8 Breathing) Mental Imagery Self-care Exercise  Watch this video on why we feel “butterflies” when nervous: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7yp69Ua37E It is also a good review of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) Chapter 7 – Pain & Placebo What are the differences between acute and chronic pain? Types of pain Acute Begins suddenly and is usually sharp in quality. Adaptive! Examples: Surgery, burns or cuts < 3 months Chronic Persists despite the original injury may be healed Not adaptive > 3 months Example: low back pain, arthritis, nerve damage 27 Which areas of the brain are active when perceiving pain?  Pain in the Brain The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) processes pain, including the location and quality of pain Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been shown to play an important role in the affective or aversive response to pain (Sun et al., 2023) 29 Pain Modulation Neurons in the Periaqueductal gray area (PAG) release endogenous opioids (endorphins) which block pain signaling 30 How do we measure pain? Measuring Pain – Self-Report Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Especially useful for children and elderly with cognitive challenges (e.g. dementia) 32 Measuring Pain – Behavioral Measurements Assess gait, facial expressions, posture, dilated pupils 33 Measuring Pain – Physiological Heart rate Premature infants and skin conductance (sweat glands activate electrical current) Electroencephalography 34 How do we treat pain? Analgesic Medications Opioids Hydrocodone (Vicodin), morphine, oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet) Non-narcotic NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs) Examples: Advil, Aleve Acetaminophen Example: Tylenol Neuropathic pain medications Examples: Gabapentin, Neurontin 36  Psychology in Pain Management -Help address psychological symptoms associated with pain -Teach adaptive coping strategies, and help encourage patients to live full, active lives, despite the pain. 37 Psychology in Pain Management Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ◦ Understanding link between thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations Strategies ◦ Activities Pacing ◦ Anger Management ◦ Mindfulness ◦ Deep Breathing ◦ Progressive Muscle Relaxation 38 What is the placebo effect? What is a nocebo? What is placebo? “Any substance or procedure which has no inherent power to produce the effect which is sought” Key point: Effects do not result from inherent powers of the treatment produced through learning or beliefs related to the placebo Stewart-Williams, S. & Podd, J. (2004). The placebo effect: Dissolving the expectancy 40 versus conditioning debate. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 324-340. What is ‘nocebo’? An inert (harmless) substance that can produce harmful effects in a patient Occurs when negative expectations of the patient regarding a treatment cause the treatment to have a more negative effect than it otherwise would have 41 Chapter 8 - Complementary and Alternative Approaches (CAM) Complementary and Alternative Approaches Group of medical and health care approaches not considered part of ‘conventional’ medicine (yet). Approaches from different cultures Can be used to supplement ‘conventional’ medicine Review the common alternative approaches from the class and textbook  Chiropractic Treatment Back, and neck pain, headaches and asthma Spinal manipulation, diet changes, exercise, and stretching Spine manipulation – applying force to spine to reduce restriction and increase range of motion.  Massage Massage- kneading muscles using deep pressure relaxation, physical therapy and rehabilitation, and pain management Acupressure- massage that unblocks flow of qi (“chee”) by applying pressure to meridians on the body Darabpour, S., Kheirkhah, M., & Ghasemi, E. (2016). Effects of Swedish Massage on the Improvement of Mood Disorders in Women with Breast Cancer undergoing Radiotherapy. Iranian Red Crescent medical journal, 18(11), e25461. https://doi.org/10.5812/  Acupuncture Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Qi (“chee”) flows along meridians or channels, in body and can become blocked. Needles inserted into points on the skin and stimulated (eclectic current or spinning the needle. Biofeedback Provides feedback on biological systems to help people gain information on relaxed and tense states in the body “Mind over matter” Biofeedback Measures Thermal - Temperature EMG – Muscle Tension EEG – Brain Waves HRA – Heart Rate Mindfulness Meditation Enhance awareness of perceptions in non-judgmental way. Awareness of present moment; non- judgmental Tai Chi “A moving meditation” Controlled breathing, fluid, gentle movements and postures Among older adults, increased balance and reduced falls (Leung et al., 2011). Chapter 9 - Cardiovascular Disease  Review the structure of the heart What is atherosclerosis vs. arteriosclerosis?  DAMAGE TO THE ARTERIES Atherosclerosis Build-up of fats and cholesterol in artery walls which can restrict blood flow Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis Loss of elasticity in arteries (become stiff and less flexible) What are the cardiovascular issues discussed in class and the textbook?  CAD & CHD Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis in the coronary arteries Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Damage to heart due to lack of blood supply  STROKE Stroke Blockage in arteries that serve the head and neck  MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (or heart attack) occurs when complete blockage of artery shuts off blood supply to the heart  MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Just over half of the people who have a heart attack will survive. Damage to heart will never heal Scar tissue forms (less elastic) Heart less efficient Review the information on blood pressure  Systolic vs. diastolic  What is ideal blood pressure?  When is it considered hypertension?  BLOOD PRESSURE Systolic pressure in the arteries during heart’s contraction (beat) Diastolic pressure in the arteries between contractions (when heart is resting and refilling with blood) BLOOD PRESSURE  HYPERTENSION Abnormally high blood pressure Called the ‘silent killer.’ Each 20 mm Hg increase in systolic BP doubles risk of CVD Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis increase blood pressure Review the risk factors for CVD  Age  Family history  Gender  Ethnicity  RISK FACTORS FOR CVD Age Race/Ethnicity Risk sharply increases with age Strongest ‘risk factor’ African Americans have 30% increased risk for death from Family History CVD, compared to European Americans Increases risk, but risk can be modified with lifestyle changes Gender Attributed to: Men have higher rate of death from Higher blood pressure CVD than women Lower access to care Stress and discrimination threat (shown to raise BP) What are some ways to help heart health?  BEHAVIORAL FACTORS Research shows that people who don’t smoke, eat a healthy diet, and are physically active have an 80% (up to 90%) lower risk for developing heart disease.  PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FACTOR SOCIAL SUPPORT -More is better -Releases oxytocin which helps heart health