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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of spinal manipulation in chiropractic treatment?
How does acupressure aim to improve physical and mental health?
Which of the following best describes mindfulness meditation?
What effect does a placebo primarily rely on in patients?
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In the context of biofeedback, which measurement indicates brain activity?
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What potentially harmful effect can occur due to negative expectations of a treatment?
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Which of the following best defines complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)?
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Which practice is described as 'a moving meditation' involving controlled breathing and gentle movements?
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Which of the following best describes the distinction between acute and chronic pain?
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What is a common symptom associated with high cortisol levels?
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Which relaxation technique is characterized by systematic tensing and relaxing of muscle groups?
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What physiological system is activated during the short-term (acute) stress response?
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Which statement best reflects the concept of the placebo effect?
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In Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), which of the following is primarily targeted?
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Which complementary approach is often used for pain management and emphasizes hands-on manipulation of body structures?
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What is a primary focus of mindfulness techniques?
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What is the primary function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in pain processing?
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Which type of therapy focuses on the connection between thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations in pain management?
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What is a key characteristic of analgesic medications that are classified as opioids?
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Which of the following techniques is NOT primarily used in mindfulness and relaxation?
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What is the placebo effect characterized by?
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What distinguishes a nocebo from a placebo?
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Which of the following is a behavioral measurement used to assess pain?
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When considering the role of endogenous opioids in pain modulation, what is their primary function?
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Study Notes
Inert Substance
- An inert substance can have harmful effects in a patient due to negative expectations.
- This is called the nocebo effect.
Nocebo Effect
- Occurs when negative expectations of a treatment cause the treatment to have a more negative effect.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
- Includes approaches not considered part of conventional medicine.
- Can be used to supplement conventional medicine.
Chiropractic Treatment
- Focuses on the spine, back and neck pain, headaches, and asthma.
- Includes spinal manipulation, diet changes, exercise, and stretching.
- Spinal manipulation applies force to the spine to reduce restriction and increase range of motion.
Massage Therapy
- Involves kneading muscles using deep pressure.
- Can be used for relaxation, physical therapy, rehabilitation, and pain management.
- Acupressure is a type of massage that applies pressure to meridians on the body.
Acupuncture
- A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practice.
- Based on the concept of Qi (“chee”), which flows along meridians or channels in the body.
- Involves inserting needles into points on the skin and stimulating them.
Biofeedback
- Provides feedback on biological systems to help people gain information on relaxed and tense states in the body.
- Measures thermal (temperature), EMG (muscle tension), EEG (brain waves), and HRA (heart rate).
Mindfulness Meditation
- Enhances awareness of perceptions in a non-judgmental way.
- Focuses on the present moment and non-judgmental observation.
Tai Chi
- A moving meditation that incorporates controlled breathing, fluid, gentle movements, and postures.
- Shown to improve balance and reduce falls in older adults.
Atherosclerosis vs. Arteriosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis is a buildup of plaque in the arteries, while arteriosclerosis is a hardening of the arteries.
Pain Perception
- The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) processes pain, including location and quality.
- The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a role in the affective or aversive response to pain.
Pain Modulation
- Neurons in the periaqueductal gray area (PAG) release endogenous opioids (endorphins), which block pain signaling.
Pain Measurement: Self-Report
- Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) is a commonly used tool.
- Especially useful for children and elderly with cognitive challenges.
Pain Measurement: Behavioral Measurements
- Assess gait, facial expressions, posture, and dilated pupils as indicators of pain.
Pain Measurement: Physiological
- Includes heart rate, skin conductance, and electroencephalography.
Analgesic Medications
- Opioids: hydrocodone (Vicodin), morphine, oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet).
- Non-narcotic: NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) like Advil and Aleve, acetaminophen (Tylenol), and neuropathic pain medications like Gabapentin.
Psychology in Pain Management
- Addresses psychological symptoms associated with pain.
- Teaches adaptive coping strategies and encourages patients to live full, active lives despite pain.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Focuses on understanding the link between thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations.
- Strategies include activities pacing, anger management, mindfulness, deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation.
Placebo Effect
- Any substance or procedure that has no inherent power to produce the desired effect.
- Effects are produced through learning or beliefs related to the placebo.
Brainwaves and Consciousness
- Brainwaves are measured in different stages of consciousness.
- Five stages: Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta, and Gamma, with beta associated with high consciousness and gamma with low consciousness.
Importance of Sleep
- Crucial for physical and mental health, including stress management, exercise recovery, and cognitive function.
- Detrimental effects of sleep loss include impaired cognitive function, mood changes, and increased risk of diseases.
Stages of Sleep
- Awake: Alert and conscious.
- Stage 1: Light sleep, easily awakened, characterized by theta waves.
- Stage 2: Deeper sleep, characterized by slower theta waves and sleep spindles.
- Stage 3: Deepest sleep, characterized by delta waves, difficult to awaken.
- Rapid Eye Movement (REM): Vivid dreams, muscle paralysis, characterized by fast, irregular brainwaves and rapid eye movements.
Stress Response Pathways
- Short-term (acute) stress response activates the sympathetic nervous system, releasing norepinephrine.
- Long-term (chronic) stress response activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, releasing cortisol.
Symptoms of High Cortisol Levels
- High blood sugar, weight gain, decreased muscle mass, weakened immune system, increased blood pressure, and mood changes.
Stress Management Techniques
- Meditation: Focuses on bringing awareness to the present moment.
- Body Scans: Involves systematically focusing on different parts of the body to increase awareness.
- Progressive Muscle Relaxation: Alternating between tensing and relaxing different muscle groups in the body.
- Breathing Techniques: Utilizing controlled breathing patterns, such as the 4-6-8 technique.
- Mental Imagery: Creating vivid mental images to promote relaxation.
- Self-Care: Engaging in activities that promote well-being, such as exercise, healthy eating, and adequate sleep.
Acute vs. Chronic Pain
- Acute pain is sudden, sharp, and typically lasts for less than 3 months.
- Chronic pain persists beyond the healing of the initial injury, lasting for more than 3 months.
Pain Processing in the Brain
- The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) processes the location and quality of pain.
- The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) contributes to the emotional and subjective experience of pain.
Types of Pain
- Nociceptive pain: Caused by damage to tissues.
- Neuropathic pain: Caused by damage to nerves.
- Psychogenic pain: Pain that has no clear physical cause.
The Placebo Effect
- Any substance or procedure that has no inherent power to produce the desired effect.
- Effects are produced through learning or beliefs related to the placebo.
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Description
Explore various aspects of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), including the nocebo effect, chiropractic treatments, and massage therapy. Understand how these practices can be integrated with conventional medicine for better patient outcomes. This quiz highlights the principles and techniques involved in each therapy.
