Philosophical Questions #301-400 PDF

#301 *!According to M. Heidegger's definition, «Language» is: *philosophical text *information encoding system *the house of being *world experience *means of communication #302 *!Classification of sciences F.Bacon: * historical sciences, poetry, philosophy *poetry, ethics, mathematics *environment...

#301 *!According to M. Heidegger's definition, «Language» is: *philosophical text *information encoding system *the house of being *world experience *means of communication #302 *!Classification of sciences F.Bacon: * historical sciences, poetry, philosophy *poetry, ethics, mathematics *environmental, aesthetic, physics *practical, environmental, historical *philosophy, geography, ecology #303 *!Exaggeration of the relativity of knowledge is called: *relativism *dogmatism *empiricism *formalism * fatalism #304 *!The knowledge that precedes experience and is independent of it is called: *dialectical *a priori *a posteriori *antinomic *metaphysical #305 *!In the development of the philosophy of technology, the most significant directions can be identified: *instrumental-applied, dialectical *positivist, irrationalist *phenomenological, metaphysical *objectively idealistic, materialistic *metaphysical, dialectical #306 *!Aristotle refers to the practical sciences: *Aesthetics, ethics *Ethics, politics *Medicine, History *Mathematics, Philosophy *Logic, biology #307 *!The main reason for the formation of the philosophy of education: * the process of unification of economic, social, and cultural norms *new requirements for the education system *The secular nature of culture and its anthropocentrism *doubt in the church's postulates. *the establishment of a rationalistic worldview #308 *!The field of philosophical knowledge, which considers the educational process as the subject of its research *philosophy of science *philosophy of medicine *philosophy of education *philosophy of art *philosophy of religion #309 *!The basis for the emergence and formation of a totalitarian economy: *undeveloped consciousness of the masses *greed of the ruling elite *alienation *ideological manipulation *unity of the party ranks #310 *!The concepts of «personality» are related to: *«instinct», «intuition» *«individual», «individuality» *«spirit», «mind» *«absolute», «freedom» *«God», «religion» #311 *!The problem of the human soul in the philosophy of F. Aquinas * the soul is a pure form without matter, it is incorporeal *The soul is a part of the body, acting as its formative principle *The soul consists of a special subtle matter, different from the body because it is not destroyed by the body *The soul is a manifestation of the supra-individual spirit, therefore it is indestructible *the soul is born from the body #312 *!The relationship of man and God in the medieval worldview *The superiority of man over God *The identity of the man and God *Antagonism of man and God *Man is a creation of God *Man is God himself #313 *!The central object of Shakarim's philosophy: *Nature *person *mountains *the body *land #314 *!Three stages of the intellectual evolution of mankind according to O. Kont, theological, metaphysical *mythological *religious *rational *ethical *positive #315 *!Specify the most accurate definition of the factor of anthroposociogenesis: *man is a political being *human specificity is related to the functions of natural language *man is an individual being * man is a social being *man is a creature that produces #316 *!In L. Tolstoy's socio-political views, the central principle is considered to be *The principle of universal communication *The principle of consistency * the principle of nonviolence *The principle of historicism *The principle of haphazardness #317 *!N.A.Berdyaev calls a person *a mind carrier *an «existential center» endowed with freedom *The ideal center of the «I» *a symbolic being *the center of the universe #318 *!The fate of man is predetermined: *idealistic approach *biological approach *materialistic approach *axiological approach *fatalistic approach #319 *!The Apollonian and Dionysian principles in man and culture spoke for the first time: *Plato *Aristotle *A.Schopenhauer *F.Nietzsche *F.Dostoevsky #320 *!The doctrine of existentialists about the problem of human choice in conditions of extreme stress is called: *The theory of abandonment *teaching about the border situation *The doctrine of abandonment *the concept of free will *The doctrine of the absurd #321 *!The modern version of the theory of geographical determinism is presented in the theory *ethnogenesis of L.N. Gumilyov *the end of the history of F. Fukuyama *cyclic civilizations by A. Toynbee *The astral origin of man *geopolitics #322 *!The concept that most accurately reflects the complexity of the process of becoming a person: *noosphere *anthroposociogenesis *anthropogenesis *anthropomorphism *anthropocentrism #323 *!The structures of communication and understanding problems are investigated, in particular: *E. Fromm *Engels *hermeneutics *anthropology *E.Husserl #324 *!A term meaning the ultimate goal of all human efforts, the essence of the purpose of human existence in the Buddha's philosophy: * meditation *karma *atman *samsara *nirvana #325 *!In ancient philosophy, according to the opinions of Cynics, happiness leads to: * apathy, autarky *aporia, the dichotomy *authority, wealth *fame, power *honesty, integrity #326 *!Existentialism means: *Philosophy of death *philosophy of cognition *philosophy of love *philosophy of history *philosophy of existence #327 *!«Categorical imperative» - I. Kant's formulation of the basic: *natural science law *The law of motion of bodies in the theory of I. Newton *The law of political life *the highest moral requirement *the law of the categorical structure of human thought #328 *!Determinism as a philosophical principle is a recognition: *spontaneity of social processes *discontinuities in nature and society *will as a motivating force *unconditionality of development *causal dependence #329 *!Philosophy, in the center of which is the solution of existential questions about the human condition: *philosophy of religion *philosophy of life *philosophy of science *philosophy of culture *philosophy of society #330 *!«To live is to enjoy» the main idea: *materialism *idealism *structuralism *hedonism *eudaimonism #331 *!The problem of meaning (life, history), according to N.A. Berdyaev is rooted in: *human fear *the idea of divine wrath *The last judgment *the ruinousness of human passions *man's discovery of the idea of a limb #332 *!The philosophical meaning of death is represented in such knowledge as: *The concept of nirvana *pathology *thanatology *theory of karma *the theory of «eternal return» #333 *!The destruction of nature, the violation of the dynamic balance between it and society, which assumes an irreversible character, is a crisis *environmental *anthropological *demographic *Energy *Spiritual #334 *!Teaching that studies the most general laws of moral relations: *ideology *logic *axiology *aesthetics *ethics #335 *!The main categories of morality can be distinguished: * joy and tenderness *benefit and justice *good and evil *respect and love *justice and randomness #336 *!Ethics is the science of: *Harmony *Education *morals *Beautiful *thinking #337 *!In the era of Antiquity, ethical issues were at the center of teaching: *stoicism, epicureanism *Milesian school, skepticism *The Eleatic school, atomists *pythagoreanism, kinism *Neoplatonism, Heraclitus #338 *!In their ethical concept, the Stoics put forward *the ideal of a wise man who dispassionately bears the blows of fate *The ideal of a believer, meekly bearing the blows of fate in the hope of an afterlife *The ideal of a hero who opposes the whole world *The ideal of a «suffering god» *The ideal of a just ruler #339 *!The essence of the Hippocratic Oath *be human *do no harm *be helpful *don't steal *don't breathe #340 *!What does Ethics study: *spirituality *Education *morality *Beautiful *thinking #341 *!Euthanasia is allowed in: *Australia and the Netherlands *Kazakhstan and Russia *USA and Canada *China and Vietnam *India and Pakistan #342 *!The term «Euthanasia» means: *life after death *«happy death» *clinical death *biological death *resuscitation #343 *!Freedom is a value and at the same time *criterion of social development *ideology of the ruling elite *philosophical speculations *the habit of doing what you want *There is no correct answer #344 *!In philosophy, freedom is understood as: *freedom – the ability of a person to do what he wants *freedom – the ability and ability of a person to act following their desires and beliefs, without coercion *freedom is the ability to subordinate everything to your will *freedom is something that cannot be eliminated *freedom is freedom of choice #345 *!Philosophy believes that humanity can survive: *wisely starting to approach the consumption of natural resources and jointly solving global problems *making the development of technology the main goal *having mastered space *abandoning man-made civilization * developing ethics, morality, and culture #346 *!N.Berdyaev, J.P.Sartre in the history of philosophy considered: *the concept of freedom *problems of power *The concept of matter *The concept of cognition *problems of nature #347 *!I. Kant argued that the ideal of goodness is an absolute moral law; the basic virtue of man is... * freedom *law *politics *art *material condition #348 *!Philosophy, of which is the solution to existential questions about the human condition: *Philosophy of religion *Philosophy of life *Philosophy of science *Philosophy of culture *Philosophy of society #349 *!The main types of public relations: *horizontal, vertical *social, cultural *production, economic *material, ideological *spiritual, pragmatic #350 *!The best form of the state, according to Aristotle *tyranny *politics *monarchy *aristocracy *ochlocracy #351 *!The main types of culture: *spiritual and material *social and rational *rational and sensuous *empirical and agnostic *positive and pragmatic #352 *!The main types of public relations: *horizontal, vertical *production, material *material, rational *ideological, spiritual *social, positive #353 *!The main criterion of the Marxist typology of society is: *the level of development of the productive forces of society *specific legal and legislative forms *geographical location *the level of technical and scientific development of the society *the level of development of spiritual culture #354 *!In the theory of Marxism, movement is: * a way of being an objective reality *Moving *energy interaction *body function *birth of galaxies #355 *!A philosophical discipline that studies the problems of values *philosophy of politics *philosophy of science *philosophy of history *philosophy of life *axiology #356 *!Philosophical discipline, studies culture in its entirety: *philosophy of history *philosophy of politics *philosophy of culture *philosophy of science *philosophy of life #357 *!The society is: *the result of divine creation *absolutely static system *conglomerate of autonomous personalities *self-developing system *a breakaway part of nature #358 *!In socio-philosophical terms, when analyzing science, it is of great importance to analyze it as: *striving to satisfy personal passions at public expense *direct productive force of society *systems of research institutes *what is responsible for the environment *means of obtaining economic income #359 *!A significant place in the classical Marxist theory of social history: *theories of classes and class struggle *theories of social formations *theories of surplus value *theories of capital *theories of social revolution #360 *!K.Marx in the theory of social formations considers: *the role of the working class *the role of labor *priority of bank capital *the role of politics *priority of the basis over the superstructure #361 *!The concept reflects the process of interaction between nature and society, and emphasizes the role of science and human reason: *technosphere *biosphere *sociosphere *geosphere *noosphere #362 *!The main subject of the study of social philosophy: *cognition *society *consciousness *genesis *Nature #363 *!Values, principles, customs, norms, rules, ideals: *ideological *aesthetic *Political *ethical *Material 364 *!The section of philosophy that studies society is: *social philosophy *sociology *epistemology *ontology *natural philosophy #365 *!The term «culture» is most often explained by the terms: *act *think *good manners *Education *till the soil #366 *!A person representing a social group is *Personality *Individual *person *personality *Subject #367 *!One of Popper's most important works is «Open Society and its» *enemies *critics *supporters *apologists *theorists #368 *!Culture in the concept of Z. Freud - *Ego *Id *Super-Ego *Super-Id *Libido #369 *!The philosophical definition of the concept of «civilization»: *material culture of society *the totality of material and spiritual achievements of society in the process of its historical development *synonymous with the culture of society *death of culture *the stage of human development following the period of savagery and barbarism #370 *!The «Eastern» and «western» paradigms of historical development are investigated *postmodern classics *in the concept of comparative studies *Modern theorists of synergetics *everyone who can read and write *supporters of traditional Japanese philosophy #371 *!What is the driving force behind the development of civilization: *historical predestination *activities of the creative elite *people's needs and interests *class struggle *technology progress #372 *!Civilization is the subject of study *general philosophy *axiology *social philosophy *philosophical anthropology *theoretical philosophy #373 *!What does futurology study? *laws of nature *The laws of society *living organisms *Human *the future #374 *!Averroes sees the highest moral value in the teaching, which of them *Causes human behavior *Forces a person to correlate his actions with the command of the Almighty *Educates a man to do his own good *Forces a person to act out of fear of being punished *Encourages, performing actions solely for remuneration #375 *!Which definition of a social group is more complete? * A collective in which a person forms his behavior *a group of people where each individual evaluates himself and everyone *a collection of individuals with common interests and goals *a group in which consanguinity and life are common *people who happen to be in a certain place #376 *!Which of these class-forming features is fundamental? *The place of the class in the production system *attitude to the means of production *role in the labor organization *the amount of income received *vertical stratification in power structures #377 *!Definition of K. Marx: *social being determines consciousness *Consciousness determines social existence *material existence determines consciousness *being is a social matter *being is a sensuous matter #378 *!The spiritual sphere of society includes: *science, religion, philosophy *levels and forms of social consciousness *politics, law, morality *ethics, aesthetics *law and ethics #379 *!What changes faster in the process of social production? *productive forces *production method *industrial relations *movement of the spirit *Equipment #380 *!The subject of the philosophy of politics, first of all, can be considered with good reason: *the nature and laws of political life *activities of political parties *conflicts of the ruling elite *international political life *The art of political leadership #381 *!This approach to the concept of «civilization» is now the most dominant: *Civilization is what follows barbarism (according to Engels) *civilization is a set of material goods and achievements *civilization is the material embodiment of cultures *civilization is the end of the earthly path of mankind *civilization - the level of the political and legal organization of society #382 *!The factor that allowed humanity to stand out from the natural environment: *The development of bodily, physical «parameters» and the brain *The last «monkey» who got down from the tree and went to the «people» *work and communication *the alien experiment *family and marriage relations #383 *!Ethnic structure: *is part of the economic subsystem of the company *part of the spiritual sphere of society *refers to the social subsystem of society * it is a part of the political subsystem of society *is not included in any of the listed subsystems of the society #384 *!Public consciousness is: *moral reflection *political reflection of social existence *aesthetic reflection of being *religious reflection of being *spiritual and mental reflection of social existence #385 *!What is the main reason for the division of society into classes? *a legacy passed down to people from generation to generation *ownership of the means of production *The difference between people by ability * hard work of some people and laziness of others *manifestation of the divine will #386 *!What caused the crisis of modern civilization? *development of science *lack of a reasonable strategy for the development of society *searching for individuals *The activities of great personalities *scientific and technological progress #387 *!Culture is: *a social phenomenon opposed to civilization *the same as civilization *mode of operation *evaluation criteria available in the company *a set of material and spiritual values #388 *!The philosophical definition of the concept of «civilization» is ……..: *material culture of society *the totality of material and spiritual achievements of society in the process of its historical development *synonymous with the culture of society *deatestth of culture *the stage of human development following the period of savagery and barbarism #389 *!The difference between culture and civilization: *culture is the expression and result of the self–determination of the will of a people or an individual; civilization is a set of technological achievements and associated comfort *culture is the outer world of man; civilization is the inner world of man *culture is the moral aspect of society; civilization is the pragmatic aspect of society *culture – the material fruits of human creation; civilization – the whole universe as a whole *culture – the socio-psychological structure of society; civilization – the information system of society #390 *!Specify one of the signs of religion: *holy traditions and holy scripture, presentation of the creed in written or oral form; *lack of symbols that allow you to distinguish between supporters of different religions; *most religions, though not all, do not honor some form of deity; *it is impossible to explain the vision of the reasons, purpose, and way of creating the world; *absence of life after death: in most religions, there is a teaching that a person does not continue to live in this or other dimensions; #391 *!He called Christianity a "nihilistic" religion *F. Nietzsche *Z. Freud *O. Comte *T. Hobbes *J. Locke #392 *!The author of the work "Mind and Existence" is: *F. Nietzsche *Z. Freud *K. Jaspers *T. Hobbes *J. Locke #393 *!The mode of existence of religious consciousness, a special mood, an experience that characterizes the inner state of a person: *Knowledge *Consciousness *faith *Kult *feeling #394 *!World Religions: *Buddhism, Christianity, Islam *Judaism, Protestantism, Shamanism *Totemism, animism, magic *Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism *Yoga, Hinduism, Buddhism #395 *!The current in Islam that preached an ascetic lifestyle: *Peripatetism *Mutazilism *Shamanism *Sunnism *Sufism #396 *!What unites religion, myth, and philosophy? *rationalism *reflection *agnosticism *accessibility to everyday consciousness *are historical types of worldview #397 *!A form of religion based on the worship of inanimate objects, which were attributed supernatural properties: *animism *Gnosticism *Neo-Platonism *totemism *fetishism #398 *!A form of religion based on the belief in blood relations between the genus and certain animals or plants and the worship of them: *animism *Gnosticism *magic *totemism *fetishism #399 *!A form of religion, which is a series of symbolic actions, rituals with spells and ceremonies: *animism *Gnosticism *Neo-Platonism *magic *totemism #400 *!Early forms of religious beliefs: *animism, totemism *neopythagoreanism, pragmatism *Gnosticism, agnosticism *Neo-Platonism, Hinduism * Scholasticism, patristics