Week 3 Exam Notes PDF

**Week 3 Examine Notes** - There is considerable psychological and behavioural variability among the human population: 1. How intensely you respond to stimuli 2. Whether you respond to stimuli 3. In which direction you respond to stimuli - 1980s Started to recognise and include diver...

**Week 3 Examine Notes** - There is considerable psychological and behavioural variability among the human population: 1. How intensely you respond to stimuli 2. Whether you respond to stimuli 3. In which direction you respond to stimuli - 1980s Started to recognise and include diverse participants and cultures into research - 2010 Henrich, Heine and Norenzayan: Introduced WEIRD - Western - Educated - Industrialised - Rich - Democratic - 68% participants in psychology from USA - 96% WEIRD - Participants represents 12% of the world's population - 73% authors from USA Universities - 99% were at universities in Western Countries - Studies lacked diversity. - **WEIRD does not consider psychological variability** 1. How strongly they respond to stimuli 2. Whether they respond to stimuli 3. How they respond to stimuli - **WEIRD PROBLEMS:** 1. Miss important dimensions of variation 2. Devote undue attention to behaviour tendencies that are unusual on a global context 3. Uneven and incomplete understandings - Conducted the Müller-Lyer - The Illusions Index test and compared industrialised societies Vs non-industrialised societies. - Found differences in perceptions in visual illusions. - **Non industrialised**: - easily see the see the lines are equal - Will take smaller amount of \$ now rather than wait for more \$\$ later - **Industrialised**: - Need the lines to be extremely different lengths before they can see a difference - More risk adverse when gambling, will wait rather than taking small amount of \$ now for bigger amount of \$\$ later 1. Non-Industrialised 2. Industrialised 2a. Non-Western 2.b Westernised 2bb. Non-USA 2bc. USA - Industrialised Two Categories: 1. **Non-Western** 2. **Western** a. Non-USA b. USA - **Industrial Non-Western** 1. Holistic: seeing things as whole 2. Relationships between objects to explain and predict based on these relationships 3. Moral reasoning: wider range of moral principles 4. Fulfill interpersonal relationships 5. Divinity 6. Moralise food, sex and relationships - **Industrialised Western:** 1. Analytical 2. Detached from objects and their context 3. Focus on objects attributes 4. Use category rules to explain and predict behaviour 5. From USA 6. Moral reasoning: uses principles of justice and harm when judging moral behaviour 7. Higher motivation for consistency 8. Prone to social loafing - **Industrial Westernised USA** - More individualist - Prefer more choices eg Ice-cream flavours - Analytic reasoning - 4000 times more likely to be recruited for research - Rationalize their choices - Less conforming - Focus on autonomy - Less prejudiced - Self-monitoring - Susceptible to attitude change - Susceptible to social influence **Trangender, Non-binary and Gender Diverse Research** - Cameron & Stinson 2019 - How gender and sex are measured in studies - Not one study measured for differences in sex and gender - Denies or erases gender identity. - Studies failed to account for 6800 people - Provides inaccurate description of participants - Misclassification of participant threatens the validity of results - Cause reactance effects - Not Ethical - Causes psychological harm - Prevents dignity and respect for gender diversity **INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGY DEFINITION KEY FEATUREs** - Primacy of indigenous or local or culturally defined perspective - Relevant to the indigenous, native culture, people reflecting their sociocultural values - Indigenous culture as the source of concepts and theories, rather than a set of imposed theories and knowledge - Researcher concepts, theories, methods, tools and results adequately represent, reflect, or reveal the studied phenomenon in its context **Two Types of Indigenous Psychology** **Both:** - Contrast imported western theories and methods - Background of colonisation 1. **Philippines, Taiwan and India** - Refers to all people residing in the country - Long history of psychology from 1970s 2. **Australia, NZ and Canada** - Refers to the first inhabitants of the land - Short or non-existent history of indigenous psychology **Indigenous Psychology looks at:** \- Martinez Cobo (1986) 1. People who have historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies. 2. Are distinct from other sectors of society, who now life on their lands 3. Are a present non-dominant sector of society 4. Aim to preserve, develop and transmit for future generations 5. Ethnic identity and ancestral territories 6. Live with own cultural patterns, social institutions and legal systems **3 Common Features of Indigenous People** **MARTINEZ COBO (1995):** 1. Way of being is still being impacted by colonization 2. Lives are characterized by surviving and adaption and assimilating to the dominant settler society 3. Maintaining connectedness to lands and sustaining ways of life **Colonization is** - Invasion of geographical area by a new group and the subjugation and displacement of existing peoples. **Indigenisation** - Is the process of developing indigenous psychology, whereby local cultural or region develops its own forms of knowledge and practice **Stages of Indigenisation** 1. Acknowledgement of the limitation of western theories 2. Correcting and adapting to western theories to suit local realities and discover indigenous concepts and methods that arise from local cultures 3. Self-perpetuating discipline independent of western psychology **Enriquez 1993 Two Types of Indigenisation** **A hybrid is the best approach!** 1. **ETIC/ Without** - Create indigenous version of the imported materials, and adapt to indigenous context - Translating western theories and changing them with cultural language and cultural context 2. **EMIC/ Within** - The source of concepts comes from indigenous culture - Draws on local knowledge - Creates own theories - Highlights what missing from outsiders - Brand new **Cosmology** - Origin narrative that seeks to explain the existence of the universe and our relationship to and purpose in it, what we will become. - Stories and beliefs about the origin of the universe, individual relationships to and purpose in the universe and what individuals should od - Who am i? - Where do I fit in? - Where am I going? - Why is this important to do in my life? **Different Indigenous Cosmologies** 1. **Filipino:** developed from Ethnic Psychology 2. **Taiwanese:** developed from Chinese historical, cultural and social and language traditions even Buddhist 3. **Indian:** entwined with Hinduism and folklore practices **Indigenous Australians Facts** - 3.3% of the population - Average age 22 - Live in 35% cities 20% regional 22% outer reginal 22% remote - 260 distinct languages at time of colonization **Indigenous Australians Cosmology** - Understand the world, waters, earth, flora, fauna and other people as spiritually interconnected - Semin-nomadic - Focus on social, religious, spiritual activities about belonging to country - Each person has family, kinship, language group belongs spiritual connection related to wellbeing - Each person has predefined relationship to every other person determine behaviour, responsibilities, expectations and obligations **Colonisation** - Destroyed indigenous culture - Were controlled by government from 1883-1967 - Citizenship from 1967 **The Self** - **Self-awareness:** - The act of thinking about ourselves - Introspection - **Self-concept:** - The content of the self - Our knowledge about who we are - Our sense of self - Gender or sex - Location - Occupation - Personality - Likes dislikes - Physical attributes - Nationality or ethnic - Relationships - Religion - Hobbies and interest Sense of self develops in childhood, it's the image we hold in our head **Chronicity:** - Defining ourselves in ways that sets us apart from others, by what is different from others. **2 Types Self-Construal** - How you define and make meaning of the self in relation to others - **Salient:** you only describe of yourself in certain contexts - **Chronic:** you describe yourself as in certain contexts 1. **Independent:** - Define the self in relation to stable personality traits, - Value independence - Value uniqueness - Compare self to others - Western countries - I am smart - I like psychology - I like board games - I am good person - I am conscientious 2. **Interdependent** - Define the self in relation to others : eg Geelong cats supporter - A group membership - Value harmony with close others - Non-western countries - Collectivist cultures **Two Types of Interdependence Self-Construal** 1. **Relational Interdependence** - Self-view incorporates close relationships with other people - Women have this - Western societies - I am daughter - I am an aunt - I am a best friend 2. **Collective Interdependence** - Self view is incorporated into membership of a large group, - Footy group - I am Australian - I am student at ACAP - Men have this **Study of self-construal theory** Singelis 1994 - Hawaii uni students - Self-construal Scale - Results supports the theory **Study of self-construal theory** Han & Humphreys 2016 -   **Self-Construal Study** Hamilton & Biehal 2005 Advertising **Results:** Independent participants make riskier choices with money for personal gain Interdependent participants where risk adverse to protect the greater good and others, worried about losing a lot of money - **Self-construal Study** **Mandel 2003** - Primed for independence or interdependent by reading the Sumerian Warrior Story - Chose between risky and safe options for four scenarios, two financial scenarios and two social scenarios Results Mandel: Interdependence: risker financial choices cause family will support them, less risking social behaviour truth or dare game at work Independent group, less risky financial choice, not relationships to support failure, Riskier socially, no family to shame **The Self Concept of Indigenous Australians** - Holistic definition of Aboriginal health and wellbeing that encompasses the entire community - Acknowledges the self, kin, family, community, traditional lands, ancestors, spiritual existence - Challenges western ideas of self-concept  Remember that:  \"Culture encompasses all that human beings have and do to produce, relate to each other and adapt to the physical environment. It includes agreed-upon principles of human existence (values, norms, and sanctions) as well as techniques of survival (technology). Culture is also that aspect of our existence which makes us similar to some people, yet different from the majority of the people in the world... it is the way of life common to a group of people, a collection of beliefs and attitudes, shared understandings and patterns of behaviour that allow those people to live together in relative harmony, but set them apart from other peoples.' (State of the World's Indigenous Peoples)