Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data PDF

Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data Research in Daily Life 2  AGENDA Essential Elements of a Research 01 Methodology Research Designs Under Qualitative and 02 Quantitative Research Approaches 03 Population and Sampling 04 Instrument of t...

Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data Research in Daily Life 2  AGENDA Essential Elements of a Research 01 Methodology Research Designs Under Qualitative and 02 Quantitative Research Approaches 03 Population and Sampling 04 Instrument of the Study Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data Research in Daily Life 2 Essential Elements of a Research Methodology Research in Daily Life 2  Essential Elements of a Research Methodology Research methodology provides readers information as to how would the researcher address the questions raised in the first chapter.  Research Design Respondents of the Study Instrument of the Study Establishing and Statistical Validating Reliability Treatment Essential Elements of a Research Methodology  Research Design It is a very important aspect of the research methodology which describes the researcher mode. This element shows what the researcher chose as the approach and what design under the specific approach was chosen. Essential Elements of a Research Methodology  Respondents of the Study It describes the target population and the sample frame. Essential Elements of a Research Methodology  Instrument of the Study It describes the specific type of research instrument that will be used such as questionnaires, checklist, questionnaire- checklist, interview schedule, teacher- made test, and the like. Essential Elements of a Research Methodology  Establishing and Validating Reliability The instrument must pass the validity and reliability tests before it is utilized. Essential Elements of a Research Methodology  Statistical Treatment One of the many ways of establishing the objectivity of research findings is by subjecting the data to different but appropriate statistical formulas and processes. Essential Elements of a Research Methodology Essential Elements of a Research Methodology Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Research in Daily Life 2  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Quantitative and Qualitative research approaches have different designs that researchers can utilize based on the inquiry they are seeking.  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Quantitative Research Designs TRUE EXPERIMENT DESIGN In this design, the researcher establishes the cause-and-effect relationships of subjects chosen randomly. There is control and treatment groups in this design and the treatment is designed by the researcher.  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Quantitative Research Designs QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A design that establishes cause-and- effect relationships but unlike true experiments, it does not rely on random assignments.  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Quantitative Research Designs PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Usually done before true experiments, pre- experiment design is done to conduct experiments to a smaller group but researchers utilizing this design has little to no control over the study.  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Quantitative Research Designs ACTION RESEARCH A design focused on solving a problem or informing individual and community- based knowledge in a way that impacts teaching, learning, and other related processes.  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Quantitative Research Designs DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH The design that focuses on accurately portraying or giving picture of what is common to a population. This is usually employed as a starting point of developing theories or interventions.  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Quantitative Research Designs COMPARATIVE RESEARCH Design that focuses on the similarities and difference of representative samples from two or more groups in relation to certain designated variables that occur in normal conditions.  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Quantitative Research Designs CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH The design is used to investigate the relationship among variables in a population.  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Quantitative Research Designs SURVEY RESEARCH A design that provides a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying its sample.  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Qualitative Research Designs NARRATIVE RESEARCH A design where the researcher studies the lives of individuals. The stories of the subject is retold into narrative chronology. On the other hand, the narrative of the subject and the researcher is combined which is called collaborative narrative.  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Qualitative Research Designs PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH A design of inquiry that discusses the lived experiences of individuals about a phenomenon as described by them. This design yields to deep emotions and essence of the phenomenon.  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Qualitative Research Designs ETHNOGRAPHY A design that investigates the shared patterns of behaviors, language, and actions of an intact cultural group in a natural setting over a period of time.  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Qualitative Research Designs GROUNDED THEORY It revolves around the idea of creating a general, abstract theory of a process, action, or interaction grounded in the views of the participants.  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Qualitative Research Designs CASE STUDY A comprehensive, in-depth examination of a specific, individual, group of people, or institution. It may be used to gain insights into an obscure or specific problem; provide background data for broader studies; or explain socio-psychological and socio-cultural processes.  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Qualitative Research Designs CASE STUDY A comprehensive, in-depth examination of a specific, individual, group of people, or institution. It may be used to gain insights into an obscure or specific problem; provide background data for broader studies; or explain socio-psychological and socio-cultural processes.  Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs Population and Sampling Research in Daily Life 2  Population and Sampling As defined, the population is composed of the people or objects that possess some common characteristics that are of interest to the researcher. On the other hand, the sample is the subset of the population.  Population and Sampling Sample sizes are computed to get the acceptable count of participants. But aside from that, there are other factors to consider in determining the sample size:  Population and Sampling Sample sizes are computed to get the acceptable count of participants. But aside from that, there are other factors to consider in determining the sample size: 1. Homogeneity of the Population 2. Degree of Precision desired by the researcher 3. Types of sampling procedures 4. The use of formulas 5. Other considerations  SAMPLING METHODS NON-PROBABILITY PROBABILITY SAMPLING SAMPLING individuals are A sampling method selected based on that allows the non-random criteria, researcher to give and not every equal opportunities individual has a to the members of chance of being the population. included Population and Sampling  SAMPLING METHODS NON-PROBABILITY PROBABILITY SAMPLING SAMPLING individuals are A sampling method selected based on that allows the non-random criteria, researcher to give and not every equal opportunities individual has a to the members of chance of being the population. included Population and Sampling PROBABILITY SAMPLING Population and Sampling  PROBABILITY SAMPLING RANDOM SAMPLING Members of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Your sampling frame should include the whole population Population and Sampling  PROBABILITY SAMPLING SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING Members of the population has an EVERY 4th PERSON IN equal chance of being selected but THE POPULATION unlike random sampling, they are chosen at regular intervals. Population and Sampling  PROBABILITY SAMPLING STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING When the population is heterogenous, stratified random sampling is used. The samples are divided into subgroups called stratum to make them homogeneous. After that, samples will be picked from each stratum. Population and Sampling  PROBABILITY SAMPLING CLUSTER SAMPLING Cluster sampling is a method of sampling which is used to study large population by means of setting non-overlapping subgroups called clusters. This is to keep the heterogeneity of the population. Population and Sampling NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING Population and Sampling  NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING CONVENIENCE SAMPLING A convenience sample simply includes the individuals who happen to be most accessible to the researcher Population and Sampling  NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING PURPOSIVE SAMPLING This type of sampling involves the researcher using their expertise to select a sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research. Population and Sampling  NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING SNOWBALL SAMPLING If the population is hard to access, snowball sampling can be used to recruit participants via other participants. Population and Sampling  NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING QUOTA SAMPLING Quota sampling relies on the non-random selection of a predetermined number or proportion of units. This is called a quota. Population and Sampling Population and Sampling Instrument of the Study Research in Daily Life 2  Instrument of the Study Research instrument encompasses the different procedures and questions that a researcher will utilize to collect the data needed to conduct the study.  Instrument of the Study One should consider the following characteristics of a good data collection instrument: 1. It must be concise yet able to elicit the needed data. According to Shelly (1984), the questionnaire should be two-four pages long and can be answered within ten minutes. A question, on the other hand, should be less than 20 words. 2. It seeks information which cannot be obtained from other sources like documents that are available at hand.  Instrument of the Study One should consider the following characteristics of a good data collection instrument: 3. Questions must be arranged in sequence, from the simplest to the complex. 4. It must also be arranged according to the questions posed in the statement of the problem. 5. It should pass validity and reliability. 6. It must be easily tabulated and interpreted.  The following are the most frequently used data collection techniques: Document Analysis Instrument of the Study  The following are the most frequently used data collection techniques: Interview Structured Semi-structured Unstructured Instrument of the Study  The following are the most frequently used data collection techniques: Observation Structured Unstructured Instrument of the Study  The following are the most frequently used data collection techniques: Physiological Measures Instrument of the Study  The following are the most frequently used data collection techniques: Psychological Tests Instrument of the Study  The following are the most frequently used data collection techniques: Questionnaires Instrument of the Study  Types of Questions YES or NO Question Instrument of the Study  Types of Questions Recognition Type Question Instrument of the Study  Types of Questions Completion Type Question Instrument of the Study  Types of Questions Coding Type Question Instrument of the Study  Types of Questions Subjective Type Question Instrument of the Study  Types of Questions Combination Type Question Instrument of the Study  Scales Commonly Used in an Instrument Likert Scale Instrument of the Study  Scales Commonly Used in an Instrument Semantic Differential Scale Instrument of the Study Instrument of the Study  DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS? Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data Research in Daily Life 2 Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data Research in Daily Life 2