Vet Prep Structural and Functional Biology Directional Terminology 2VP MKehl Spring 2024 PDF

Vet Prep Structural and Functional Biology Dr. Melissa Kehl Directional Terminology Courtesy of Dr. Terri Clark 1. Sagittal planes Median plane (middle) = Mid-sagittal divides the head and body into equal right and left halves Para-sagittal plane Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, 5th ed.; Dyce, Sack,...

Vet Prep Structural and Functional Biology Dr. Melissa Kehl Directional Terminology Courtesy of Dr. Terri Clark 1. Sagittal planes Median plane (middle) = Mid-sagittal divides the head and body into equal right and left halves Para-sagittal plane Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, 5th ed.; Dyce, Sack, Wensing; Fig. 1.1 Passes through the head, body, or limb parallel to the median/mid-sagittal plane Divides the head, body or limb into unequal right and left sides 2. Transverse plane- cut perpendicular to the long axis of the body Transverse plane Transects the head, body, or limb perpendicular to its own long axis Divides a body segment into rostral/caudal, cranial/caudal, proximal/distal parts Long axis of the body Imaginary straight line in the median plane that intersects the transverse planes through the body Transverse plane - cut perpendicular to the long axis of the limb Transverse section Long axis of the limb Transverse plane Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, 5th ed.; Dyce, Sack, Wensing; Figs. 23.18 & 23.19 Axis: Axial, Abaxial Long axis of the limbs The central line of the limb In the dog, cat, ruminants, and pig, the axis of the limb runs between the 3rd and 4th digits In the horse, the axis of the limb runs through digit 3 Long axis of the body Axial - Towards the axis Abaxial - Away from the axis Abaxial surface of digit 4 Axial surface of digit 4 Digit 3 Digit 4 Long axis of the limb Long axis of the limbs Digit = “finger” or “toe” Left distal forelimbs of the dog, horse, and ox (cranial/dorsal views) 5th metacarpal bone Digit 1 Digit 2 Digit 5 Digit 3 Digit 3 Digit 3 Digit 4 Digit 4 DOG HORSE OX Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Animals, 4th ed.; König and Liebich; Fig. 3-14 Medial, Lateral, Axial, Abaxial Caudal/palmar view of left distal thoracic limb Lateral Axial and abaxial proximal sesamoid bones OX Medial HORSE Medial Caudal/palmar view of right distal thoracic limb Lateral Medial and lateral proximal sesamoid bones Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, 5th ed.; Dyce, Sack, Wensing; Fig. 2.49 3. Dorsal plane Runs at right angles to the median and transverse planes divides the body or head into dorsal and ventral portions Plane summary 1. Sagittal – left and right 2. Transverse – front and back (cranial and caudal) 3. Dorsal – top and bottom (dorsal and ventral) Dorsal Plane Directional Terminology Relates the location of one structure to others on the body, using the body itself as the point of reference. Why not use common words? The elbow is 1. above the carpus. 2. below 3. behind 2 1 3 Medial vs. Lateral Medial (L. medius middle) - Direction toward the median plane Lateral (L. latus side) - Direction toward the side of the trunk, head or limb (away from the median plane) Proximal vs. Distal Proximal Closer to the body mass (trunk) Distal Farther away from the body mass (trunk) Trunk Shoulder Elbow Carpus The elbow is distal to the shoulder. The elbow is proximal to the carpus (wrist). Cranial vs. Caudal Cranial (L. cranium head) Toward the head Describes “front” surface of the limbs proximal to the carpus and tarsus Caudal (L. cauda tail) Toward the tail Describes “back” surface of the limbs proximal to the carpus and tarsus Dog Anatomy A Coloring Atlas; Kainer and McCracken; Plate 2 Rostral vs. Caudal Rostral (L. rostrum beak) Caudal Only used in the head region Toward the nose Caudal (L. cauda tail) Used in the head and body regions Toward the tail Rostral Dorsal vs. Ventral Dorsal (L. dorsa back) Refers to the “top” of the head, neck, back, and tail Describes the “front” and “top” surface of the foot distal and including the carpus and tarsus/hock. Ventral (L. venter belly) The “underside” of the head, neck, trunk and tail (toward the belly) Palmar and Plantar Palmar (L. palma palm) The “back” and “bottom” of the front feet distal to and including the carpus. Plantar (L. plans sole of foot) The “back” and “bottom” of the hind feet distal to and including the tarsus/hock. Limbs Cranial – Caudal Used proximal to the carpus (wrist) and tarsus (hock, ankle) Dorsal – Palmar Used distal to the carpus (includes carpus) Cranial Caudal Caudal Cranial Dorsal – Plantar Used distal to the tarsus (includes tarsus) Dorsal Palmar Dorsal Plantar Limbs Internal, External, Superficial, Deep Internal (L. internus inside) or inner Toward the center of an organ, body cavity, or structure External (L. externus outside) or outer Away from the center of an organ or structure Superficial Toward the surface of the body or the surface of a solid organ Deep Toward the center of the body or the center of a solid organ Anterior, Posterior, Superior, Inferior Anterior (L. ante before) & Posterior (L. posterus behind) Toward the front and back, respectively In veterinary medicine, mostly used in reference to the eye. Superior (L. super upper) & Inferior (L. inferus lower) Upper and lower, respectively In veterinary medicine, used in reference to the eye and lips Superior or inferior palpebra (eyelid) Superior or inferior labium (lip) How would you describe the position of the elbow relative to the carpus using directional terminology? The carpus is to the elbow. The elbow is to the carpus. The supraspinatus m. is to the infraspinatus m. The long head of the triceps m. is _________ to the accessory head of the triceps m. The latissimus dorsi m. is to the deep pectoral m. The lesion is rostral and ventral to the base of the ear. The lesion is ________ to the tip of the nose and _________ to the eye. The lesion is on the dorsal surface of the paw.