Anatomy Lecture Outline PDF

Dr.ali albassam MBBS .MSc .PHD 2 Lecture Outline: A First Look at Anatomy 1 •Dr.Ali albassam MBBS .MSc .PhD •2 Lecture Outline: A First Look at Anatomy • Objectives of the lecture - Description of the anatomical position - Description of the anatomical planes - Explanation of terms of relations...

Dr.ali albassam MBBS .MSc .PHD 2 Lecture Outline: A First Look at Anatomy 1 •Dr.Ali albassam MBBS .MSc .PhD •2 Lecture Outline: A First Look at Anatomy • Objectives of the lecture - Description of the anatomical position - Description of the anatomical planes - Explanation of terms of relationship & comparison explanation of terms of movement 3 Anatomical Terminology  Anatomic position is a specific body position in which an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor.  The head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer.  The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. 4 Body Planes 5 Planes of reference Sagittal Coronal Horizontal / axial 7 Sections and Planes A coronal plane, also called a frontal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. 8 Sections and Planes  A transverse plane, also called a crosssectional plane or horizontal plane, cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ separating it into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. 9 Sections and Planes  A sagittal plane or median plane, extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves. 10 Sections and Planes c f. MRI Coronal / frontal median sagittal Transverse, horizontal, Axial 12 Directional Terms of the Body  Directional terms are precise and brief, and for most of them there is a correlative term that means just the opposite. 13 Relative and Directional Terms of the Body  Relative to front (belly side) or back (back side) of the body :  Anterior = In front of; toward the front surface  Posterior = In back of; toward the back surface  Dorsal =At the back side of the human body  Ventral = At the belly side of the human body 14 Directional Terms 15 Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to the head or tail of the body:  Superior = Toward the head or above  Inferior = Toward feet not head  Caudal = At the rear or tail end  Cranial = At the head end 16 Relative and Directional Terms of the Body  Relative to the midline or center of the body:  Medial = Toward the midline of the body  Lateral = Away from the midline of the body  Deep = On the inside, underneath another structure  Superficial = On the outside 17 Directional Terms 18 Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to point of attachment of the appendage:  Proximal = Closest to point of attachment to trunk  Distal = Furthest from point of attachment to trunk 19 Oblique sections. Are slices of the body or any of its parts that are not cut along the previously listed anatomical planes .In practice, many radiographic images and anatomical sections do not lie precisely in sagittal, frontal, or transverse planes; often, they are slightly oblique. 20 21 22 23 Body Regions The human body is partitioned into two main regions, called the axial and appendicular regions.  the axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our body  our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s axis and make up the appendicular region 24 Axial Skeleton skull vertebrae ribs sternum hyoid Muscles acting on axial skeleton: • cause movement of trunk/vertebral column • ventilate lungs • support abdominopelvic viscera Appendicular Skeleton limbs limb girdles - clavicle, scapula; os coxae Muscles acting on appendicular skeleton: • act on joints of limbs • cause limb movement and locomotion 25 Regional Terms • Axial – head, neck, and trunk • Appendicular – appendages or limbs • Specific regional terminology 26 Regional Terms 27 28 Body Cavities 29 Body Cavities: Dorsal • Cranial Cavity • Houses the Brain • Vertebral Canal • Houses the Spinal Cord 30 Body Cavities: Ventral (Lateral View) • Thoracic Cavity • Abdominopelvic Cavity (contains the “viscera”) • Abdominal Cavity • Pelvic Cavity • Lined by serous membranes 31 Body Cavities: Thoracic (Anterior View) • Mediastinum: a potential space that contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, etc • Plural Cavities: contain the lungs • Pericardial Cavity: contains the heart 32 Serous Cavities • Ventral Body Cavity • Lined by a serous membrane, or Serosa • Parietal serosa: forms outer wall of cavity • Visceral serosa: covers the visceral organs • Serous fluid • Secreted by the membranes • Is slick; reduces friction 33 Serous Pericardium • Around the Heart • Parietal Pericardium • Visceral Pericardium • Pericardial Cavity • Filled with serous fluid 34 The Plural Cavities • Around the Lungs • Parietal Pleura: • lines walls of thoracic cavity • Visceral Pleura: • covers each lung 35 The Peritoneal Cavity • Around some abdominopelvic organs • Contained within the abdominopelvic cavity • Parietal Peritoneum • Covers wall of abdominopelvic cavity • Visceral Peritoneum • Covers organs of the peritoneal cavity • Some organs are retroperitoneal 36 Body Cavities • Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions • Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brain • Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord • Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: thoracic and abdominopelvic 37 Body Cavities • Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity • Pleural cavities – each houses a lung • Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs • Pericardial – encloses the heart 38 Body Cavities • The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm • It is composed of two subdivisions • Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs • Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum 39 Ventral Body Cavity Membranes • Parietal serosa covering the body walls • Visceral serosa covering the internal organs • Serous fluid separates the serosae 40 41 Other Body Cavities • Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs • Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose • Orbital – house the eyes • Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations • Synovial – joint cavities 42 Abdominopelvic Regions • Umbilical • Epigastric • Hypogastric • Right and left iliac or inguinal • Right and left lumbar • Right and left hypochondriac 43 Abdominopelvic Regions 44 Abdominopelvic Quadrants • Right upper • Left upper • Right lower • Left lower 45 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SKIN 46 (L. integumentum, a covering) • The skin is the largest organ of the body. • Consists of three major regions • Epidermis – outermost superficial region • Dermis – middle region • Hypodermis – deepest region 47 • Protection of the body from environmental effects, such as abrasions, fluid loss, harmful substances, ultraviolet radiation, and invading microorganisms. • Containment for the body’s structures (e.g., tissues and organs) and vital substances (especially extracellular fluids), preventing dehydration, which may be severe when extensive skin injuries (e.g., burns) are experienced. • Thermal regulation through the evaporation of sweat and/or the dilation or constriction of superficial blood vessels. • Sensation (e.g., pain) by way of superficial nerves and their sensory endings. • Synthesis and storage of vitamin D. • is one of the best indicators of general health 48 Epidermis • is a keratinized epithelium— , it has a tough, horny superficial layer that provides a protective outer surface overlying its regenerative and pigmented deep or basal layer. • The epidermis has no blood vessels or lymphatics. The avascular epidermis is nourished by the underlyingvascularized dermis. Dermis • Second major skin region containing strong, flexible connective tissue • dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers. These • fibers provide skin tone and account for the strength and toughness of skin Hypodermis • Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin • Composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue Skin Color • Three pigments contribute to skin color • Melanin – yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment, responsible for dark skin colors • Freckles and pigmented moles – result from local accumulations of melanin • Carotene – yellow to orange pigment, most obvious in the palms and soles of the feet • Hemoglobin – reddish pigment responsible for the pinkish hue of the skin Sweat Glands • Different types prevent overheating of the body; secret cerumen and milk • Eccrine sweat glands – found in palms, soles of the feet, and forehead • Apocrine sweat glands – found in axillary and anogenital areas • Ceruminous glands – modified apocrine glands in external ear canal and secrete cerumen • Mammary glands – specialized sweat glands that secret milk Sebaceous Glands • Soften skin when stimulated by hormones • Simple alveolar glands found all over the body • Secrete an oily secretion called sebum Tension lines (also called cleavage lines or Langer lines) tend to spiral longitudinally in the limbs and run transversely in the neck and trunk . Tension lines at the elbows, knees, ankles, and wrists are parallel to the transverse creases that appear when the limbs are flexed. The elastic fibers of the dermis deteriorate with age and are not replaced; consequently, in older people,the skin wrinkles and sags as it loses its elasticity. 55 Fascia Fascia is connective tissue containing varying amounts of fat that separate, support, and interconnect organs and structures, enable movement of one structure relative to another, and allow the transit of vessels and nerves from one area to another. There are two general categories of fascia: superficial and deep.  Superficial (subcutaneous) fascia lies just deep to and is attached to the dermis of the skin.  Deep fascia 56