Facade Materials 1 - Opaque Materials PDF

Façade materials 1 Opaque materials Docenten: Johan Cordonnier, Joris De Greef, Jan Wurm, Marcelo Blasco For educational purposes only Gordon Bunshaft - Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library Façade materials 1 Opaque materials Lecture 2.1: Overview of t...

Façade materials 1 Opaque materials Docenten: Johan Cordonnier, Joris De Greef, Jan Wurm, Marcelo Blasco For educational purposes only Gordon Bunshaft - Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library Façade materials 1 Opaque materials Lecture 2.1: Overview of the commonly used materials and their performances A. Introduction A1. Lexicon B. Type of materials and build-ups B1. Facade materials Introduction: external / internal conditions B.11 Mineral materials B.12 Polymer B.13 Metals B.14 Ligneous material For educational purposes only A. Introduction: Material & Façade Performance A1. Lexicon Durability The ability of a physical product to remain functional, without requiring excessive maintenance or repair, when faced with the challenges of normal operation over its design lifetime. There are several measures of durability in use, including years of life, hours of use, and number of operational cycles. 1899 years Pantheon Rome - rebuilt 125 AD anno domino 6-9 million visitors/year For educational purposes only Corrosion Destruction of material by chemical means. Erosion Destruction of material by climat conditions. For educational purposes only Robustness High resistance to mechanical failure, including damage from climate load and design properties that facilitate simple and durable solutions, which relates to both the production and operational phase of the building or its components. Buried Hydraulic Concrete Harbour Structures: King Herod’s Harbour, Caesarea Maritima, Israel Concrete breakwater structures https://www.timesofisrael.com/still-standing- researchers-crack-secret-of-ancient-romes-self- healing-concrete/ For educational purposes only Robustness https://unews.utah.edu/roman-concrete/ For educational purposes only Sustainability Sustainability means conserving the use of resources such as habitats, raw materials, energy or human labour. Humanity should use these resources in such a way that they can be maintained over a long period of time, rather than being depleted. They key idea here is being mindful of future generations, which is why sustainability is sometimes also referred to as “future viability” and “intergenerational equity”. Climate protection is thus an intrinsic part of sustainability. It’s about actively considering the environment, economy and society and making the effort to bring them into balance. ‘Made from renewable resources and can be recycled into other items, thus reducing waste processes and preserving the environment’ For educational purposes only For educational purposes only Sustainability For educational purposes only Sustainability For educational purposes only Circularity For educational purposes only EVALUATION TESTING + DESIGNING INTEGRATION For educational purposes only Circularity For educational purposes only Light transmitting Light transmission is also known as visible light transmission rate, which indicates the ability of light to pass through the medium. It refers to the percentage of luminous flux through transparent or translucent materials compared to the incident luminous flux. For educational purposes only Porosity Is a measure of the void (i.e. “empty”) spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%. Absorption (a) The process whereby a liquid is drawn into the permeable pores of a porous solid. (b) Absorption of sound. See SOUND ABSORPTION. (c) Energy absorption. Inertia Thermal inertia is the tendency of a material to resist changes in temperature. For educational purposes only Relative humidity Relative humidity, expressed as a percent, measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum for that temperature (which depends on the current air temperature). A reading of 100 percent relative humidity means that the air is totally saturated with water vapor and cannot hold any more, creating the possibility of rain in the atmosphere and condensation in the factory. Further, when the moisture content remains constant and temperature increases, relative humidity decreases. For example if we have air at 22°C and 55% we would have an absolute humidity level of 9 g/kg. Warmer air can hold more humidity. So, if we increase the temperature to 30°C but keep the absolute humidity the same (9 g/kg) the relative humidity would now be 34% RH. Similarly if we decrease the temperature from 22°C to 12 °C and kept the absolute humidity the same we would now have a relative humidity of 100% RH. Water vapour pressure Water vapour moves from a side with higher vapour pressure (partial pressure) to a side with lower pressure. If the temperature falls below the dew point, condensation can occur (with a risk of condensate accumulating and mould forming). For educational purposes only Dew point The dew point is the saturation temperature for water in air. The dew point is associated with relative humidity. A high relative humidity implies that the dew point is closer to the current air temperature. Relative humidity of 100% indicates the dew point is equal to the current temperature and that the air is maximally saturated with water. 22°C and 100% RH the air will have a dew point of 22°C. 22°C and 55% RH has a dew point of 12°C. So if cooled this air down, 12°C is the temperature at which moisture will be released from the air and condense on surrounding surfaces. For educational purposes only Water vapour pressure For educational purposes only Moisture transfer Vapor barrier Reverse position of the vapor barrier (Porto - Portugal) For educational purposes only Vapor barrier The vapor diffusion resistance or µ value For educational purposes only Compressive strenght The resistance of a material to breaking under compression Tensile bending strenght The maximum stress that a material can bear before breaking when it is allowed to be stretched or pulled. Yield strenght Yield strength is a measure of the stress at which a material begins to undergo plastic deformation. In other words, it is the point at which a material transitions from elastic deformation, where it can return to its original shape, to plastic deformation, where it remains permanently deformed. Yield strength is typically expressed in units of pressure, such as Pascals (Pa) or pounds per square inch (psi). For educational purposes only Fire reaction class For educational purposes only Fire reaction class For educational purposes only Fire reaction class For educational purposes only Fire resistance For educational purposes only Combustibility / flammability A combustible material is a material that can burn (i.e., sustain a flame) in air under certain conditions. A material is flammable if it ignites easily at ambient temperatures. In other words, a combustible material ignites with some effort and a flammable material catches fire immediately on exposure to flame. Thermal conductivity For educational purposes only Thermal conductivity For educational purposes only Thermal expansion Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to increase in length, area, or volume, changing its size and density, in response to an increase in temperature (usually excluding phase transitions). Substances usually contract with decreasing temperature (thermal contraction), Winter / summer? For educational purposes only Linear thermal expansion 11mm= 23.1x10 x80x600mm -6 For educational purposes only Thermal performance https://epbd.be/nl/erkende-epb-productgegevens/ For educational purposes only Thermal performance https://epbd.be/nl/erkende-epb-productgegevens/ For educational purposes only B. Type of materials and build-ups B1. Facade materials Introduction B.11 Mineral materials: - Natural mineral material, stone, marble - Transformed mineral material, concrete, gfrc,... - Insulation materials B.12 Polymer: - Oil based material - Biobased material - Insulation materials B.13 Metals: - Corrosion, galvanic chain - Finishes and treatments of metal B.14 Ligneous material: - Untransformed materials - Engineered products - Insulation materials For educational purposes only B1. Facade Materials Facade; The principal front of a building, that faces on to a street or open space. A protective shell Underground city near Tungkwan (China) Loess SIlt - great softness and high porosity For educational purposes only B1. Facade Materials Not just a skin impact protection waterproof vapor open moisture regulation vapor resistance insulation self healing energy storage (fat) generating energy (vit.D) For educational purposes only  SHELL COVER PR B1. Facade Materials Not just a skin Outside Outside Facade Facade Inside Inside Site-specific Site-specific conditions conditions Requirements Requirements SolarSolar radiation radiation levelslevels Comfortable Comfortable temperature temperature / humidity / humidity levelslevels Air temperature Air temperature Large Large fluctuations fluctuations Minimal Minimal fluctuations Quantity fluctuations Quantity and quality and quality of light of light (lighting (lighting environment) environment) Humidity Humidity in external in external climate climate in internal in internal climate climate Exchange Exchange of airof / inflow air / inflow of fresh of fresh air and air tolerable and tolerable Precipitation Precipitation conditions conditions conditions conditions air speeds air speeds SKIN ENVELOPE WindWind Comfortable Comfortable acoustic acoustic environment environment LocalLocal sources sources of noise of noise Provision Provision of views of views of theofoutside the outside Pollution Pollution from from fumes fumes and dust and dust Separating Separating the private the private from from the public the public Mechanical Mechanical loadsloads Mechanical Mechanical protection protection Electromagnetic Electromagnetic radiation radiation Protection Protection against against fire fire Limiting Limiting the impact the impact of toxic of toxic pollutants pollutants Urban Urban planning planning / design / design environment environment LocalLocal resources resources Sociocultural Sociocultural context context Functions Functions offering offering protection protection fromfrom FACADE constant constant and changeable and changeable conditions conditions (enhancing (enhancing or reducing or reducing theirtheir impact) impact) Insulating Insulating /dampening /dampening For educational purposes only Sealing Sealing / blocking / blocking  SHELL COVER PR B1. Facade Materials Heat transfer Thermal energy flows basically from a warmer (more energy-rich) side to a colder side. There are three basic principles of heat transfer Thermal conduction Thermal radiation Thermal convection SKIN ENVELOPE Vapour pressure + -> - Noise resistance FACADE For educational purposes only  SHELL COVER PR Controlling Controlling B1. Facade Materials Mechanical Mechanical protection protection Control Control functions functions Controlling Controlling / regulating / regulating Outside Outside Facade Facade Reacting Reacting /changing /changing Inside Inside Supplementary, Supplementary,direct-acting Site-specific direct-acting Site-specific conditions conditions Supplementary, Supplementary, Requirements Requirements direct-acting direct-acting measures measures measures measures SolarSolar radiation radiation levelslevels Comfortable Comfortable temperature temperature / humidity / humidity levelslevels AirThermal Thermal Air insulation Large insulation temperature temperature Large fluctuations fluctuations Minimal Minimal fluctuations Protection fluctuations Protection Quantity from Quantity and from glare quality and glare quality of light of light (lighting (lighting environment) environment) SunHumidity SunHumidityshading in external shading in external climate climate in internal in internal climate Screening climate Screening Exchange of airfrom from Exchange of airview view / inflow of(e.g. /(e.g. inflow of curtains) curtains) fresh fresh air andair tolerable and tolerable (e.g.(e.g. shutters, shutters, awnings, conditions awnings, Precipitation Precipitation conditions conditions conditions Refraction Refraction air speeds air speeds and reflection and reflection of of SKIN ENVELOPE brise-soleils, brise-soleils, louvres louvres etc.)Wind Wind etc.) daylight daylight etc. etc. Comfortable Comfortable acoustic acoustic environment environment Local Measures Measures Local influencing sources ofinfluencing sources noise of noise Activation Activation Provision Provision of of views of views of interior interior structural ofstructural theofoutside the outside elements elements Pollution the microclimate the microclimate Pollution from from fumes such fumes and such dust and as as dust (floors, (floors, Separating walls, walls, Separating the ceilings) ceilings) private the for private from for thestoring storing from public the energy, energy, public vegetation, vegetation, bodies bodies Mechanical Mechanicalof loads of loads waterwater heating, heating, Mechanical cooling cooling Mechanical and protectionand time-delayed time-delayed protection release release GREENradiation Electromagnetic FACADES Electromagnetic radiation of of stored stored Protection Protectionenergy energy against against fire fire Limiting Limiting the impact the impact of toxic of toxic pollutants pollutants Urban Urban planning planning / design / design environment environment LocalLocal resources resources Supplementary Supplementary building building technologies technologies Integrated Integrated facades facades Supplementary Supplementary building building technologies technologies Sociocultural Sociocultural context context Projecting Projecting collectors collectors Integrated Integrated air and air water and water collectors collectors Convection Convection heaters heaters / radiators / radiators Functions Functions offering offering protection protection fromfrom Photovoltaic Photovoltaic systems systems SolarSolar wallswalls Artificial Artificial lighting lighting FACADE constant constant and changeable and changeable conditions conditions Underground Underground air ducts, air ducts, geothermal geothermal probes probes MediaMedia cablecable routing routing /distribution /distribution Air-conditioning Air-conditioning technologies technologies (enhancing (enhancing or reducing or reducing theirtheir impact) impact) etc. etc. HeatHeat recovery recovery (central/decentral) (central/decentral) etc. etc. BIPV BEO FIELD KWO Insulating Insulating /dampening /dampening For educational purposes only Sealing Sealing / blocking / blocking A 1. B1. Facade Materials B11. Mineral materials - Natural mineral material - stone Foroglio is hidden between the Valley of Val Bavona in Ticino Canton of Switzerland. For educational purposes only B11. Mineral materials - Natural mineral material - stone ROCKNROLL! For educational purposes only B11. Mineral materials - Natural mineral material - stone For educational purposes only B1. Facade Materials B11. Mineral materials - Natural mineral material - stone Carrara - harvesting marble inside the mountain - Italy For educational purposes only B11. Mineral materials - Natural mineral material - stone GRANITE CLAY > SLATE CALCITE > MARBLE For educational purposes only History Use it respectfully Million year For educational purposes only B11. Mineral materials - Natural mineral material - stone For educational purposes only B11. Mineral materials - Natural mineral material - stone POROSITY - FROST For educational purposes only B11. Mineral materials - Natural mineral material - stone Frost damage > concept, detail, use - Heating cycles, marble bowing> oriëntation porosity For educational purposes only Raw density kg/m3 Porosity vol.% Compressive strenght N/mm2 Bending tensile strength N/mm2 Thermal expansion mm/mK ILLUSTRATION For educational purposes only Raw density kg/m3 Porosity vol.% Compressive strenght N/mm2 Bending tensile strength N/mm2 Thermal expansion mm/mK Shock strength cm Abrasion strength mm/1000m For educational purposes only CHOOSING STONE Low in cement constructable - low carbon (natural stone cementation) Dry facade connection possibilities Robust towards climate conditions For educational purposes only Design under pressure For educational purposes only B11. Mineral materials - Natural mineral material - stone Tranclucent properties of stone For educational purposes only B11. Mineral materials - Natural mineral material Dry mechanical connections ? Circularity seperation of materials For educational purposes only  Jean (ed.): Europäischer – 2000. Munich, 2002 16 St. Pius Church 14 Meggen, CH 1966 e with aArchitect: 1.68 m basic grid ure madeFranzof steel Füeg, St. piping Solothurn Pius Church with Peter Rudolph and Gérard Staub g 25.50 m 14 º A+U 11/2003 panel facade Meggen, Bauen + Wohnen CH 1966 05/1966 and 12/1966 17 500 mm) Detail 03/1967 Casabella 677, 2000 18 mosphereStock,insideWolfgang Jean (ed.): Europäischer Architect: Kirchenbau 1950 – 2000. Munich, 2002 16 Franz Füeg, 21 10 Solothurn with made Peterof steelRudolph Steel frame structure with a 1.68 m basic grid 4 Roof support structure piping and Gérard Staub Ø 63.5 mm; spanning 25.50 m Translucent marble panel facade (h ≈ w = 1,020 ≈ 1,500 mm) º A+U 11/2003 Unusually festive atmosphere inside 20 Bauen7 + Wohnen 05/1966 and 12/1966 17 Casabella 677, 2000 cc Detail 4 03/1967 4 18 0 1 Stock, Circumferential wooden batten Wolfgang Jean 12 Angle, 35/35/4(ed.): mm Europäischer 2 3 Kirchenbau Flat steel, ¡ 550/10 mm Marble panel, 150/102/21 mm, 1950 – 2000. 14 Spacer, 25/25/4 mmMunich, 2002 13 Angle, 40/25/4 mm sanded smooth on the outside 15 Spacer, 30/30/3 mm with sealing 4 Facade column Å IPB 240 16 M8 with hexagon socket 16 5 Steel truss rafter made of hollow 17 Flat steel panel support, steel tubing, Ø 63.5 mm ¡ 20/20/15 mm, covered with 6 Flat steel, ¡ 260/10 mm rigid foam 7 Marble Isometric view notpanel, to scale150/102/28 mm, 18 Angle, 40/40/4 mm Natural stone sanded Ground floor layout smooth Section on the 1:750 Scale outside 19 Rigid foam strip to prevent contact le Vertical 8 cross Scale 1:20 9 Steel Steel frame structure Flat section Horizontal steel, 240/10 sheeting mm 20 condensate with a 1.68 m basic grid cross section channel, cc between marble and steel Insulated steel sheeting box, on Scale Details1:750 Roof support structure made of steel piping of panel mounting, vertical 4 and horizontal Scale 1:5edged with rainwater downpipe,21 10 rizontal cross 10 Fresh sectionair inlet Ø4 125 mm 11 Fresh air duct 12 Angle, 35/35/4 mmØ 63.5 mm; spanning 21 25.50 m Condensate channel drain 6 vertical and 13 horizontal Angle, 40/25/4 mm Translucent marble panel facade 21 110 14 Spacer, 25/25/4 mm 12 13 17 18 15 Spacer, 30/30/3 mm with sealing (h ≈ w = 1,020 4≈ 1,500 mm) 20 7 16 M8 with hexagon socket w 17 Flat steel panel support, 19 Unusually festive atmosphere inside aa cc ¡ 20/20/15 mm, covered with 14 4 4 rigid foam 2 5 18 Angle, 40/40/4 mm 7 19 Rigid foam strip to prevent contact 1 Circumferential wooden batten 12 Angle, 35/35/4 mm between marble and steel 2 Flat steel, ¡ 550/10 mm 13 Angle, 40/25/4 mm 3 Marble panel, 150/102/21 mm, 14 Spacer, 25/25/4 mm 15 nnel, 20 Insulated steel sheeting box, with rainwater downpipe, 20 sanded smooth on the outside 15 7 Spacer, 30/30/3 mm with sealing 17 16 4 4 Facade column Å IPB 240 16 M8 with hexagon socket a Ø 125 mm a 5 Steel truss rafter made of hollow 17 Flat steel panel support, 21 Condensate channel drain steel tubing, Ø 63.5 mm ¡ 20/20/15 mm, covered with b b 6 Flat steel, ¡ 260/10 mm rigid foam aa 7 Marble panel, 150/102/28 mm, 18 Angle, 40/40/4 mm 12 cc 13 sanded smooth on the outside 19 Rigid foam strip to prevent contact 8 Flat steel, 240/10 mm 4 between marble and steel 4 17 9 Steel sheeting condensate channel, 20 Insulated steel sheeting box, edged with rainwater downpipe, 8 10 Fresh air inlet Ø 125 mm 11 Fresh air duct 4 21 3 Condensate channel drain 5 1 Circumferential wooden batten 12 Angle, 35/35/4 mm 74 For educational purposes only 2 Flat steel, ¡ 550/10 mm 13 Angle, 40/25/4 mm 3 Marble panel, 150/102/21 mm, 14 Spacer, 25/25/4 mm  4 3 5 6 17 18 12 1 13 19 14 2 5 7 15 16 4 17 12 13 17 6 8 4 3 5 6 12 1 13 6 14 c c 2 5 7 7 15 16 17 c c 7 12 13 8 9 17 8 8 9 4 3 5 10 10 11 11 bb For educational purposes only bb 75 B1. Facade Materials B11. Mineral materials - Transformed mineral material - clay/ceramics For educational purposes only