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## Three Aspects of Social Involvement: * Synchrony: Early parent-infant interactions help infants develop social skills. The absence of synchrony is a troubling sign for future emotional and brain development * Still-face technique suggests synchrony is experience-expectant * Attachment: Connec...

## Three Aspects of Social Involvement: * Synchrony: Early parent-infant interactions help infants develop social skills. The absence of synchrony is a troubling sign for future emotional and brain development * Still-face technique suggests synchrony is experience-expectant * Attachment: Connection between two people. Measured by how they respond, the connection is lifelong and basic to survival * John Bowlby (1982) * Contact-maintaining * Proximity-seeking ## Stages of Attachment: * **Birth to 6 weeks**: **Preattachment**: Newborns signal via crying and body movements that they need others. * **6 weeks to 8 months**: **Attachment in the making**: Infants respond preferentially to people. * **8 months to 2 years**: **Classic secure attachment**: Infants greet their primary caregiver. * **2 to 6 years**: **Attachment as a launching pad**: Young children seek their caregiver's praise. * **6 to 12**: **Mutual attachment**: Children seek to make their caregivers proud by learning. * **12 to 18**: **New attachment figures**: Teenagers explore and make friendships independent from parents. * **18 and on**: **Attachment revisited**: Adults develop relationships with others. ## Types of Attachment: * **Secure attachment**: Infants feel comfortable and confident. 2/3 of infants have secure attachment. * **Insecure-avoidant attachment**: Infants play independently without seeking contact. * **Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment**: Infants cling to their caregivers and are angry at being left. Both insecure attachments account for 1/3 of infants. * **Disorganized attachment**: Infants may suddenly switch up (go from hitting to crying). Disorganized attachment affects 5 to 10 percent of infants and they are at a later risk of psychopathology. ## Operational Definition of Attachment: An observable behavior that indicates the construct. It ensures other scientist know what is measured and can be replicated. * **Mary Ainsworth (1973)** * **Stranger Situation**: Measures details on one-year-old's reaction to stress with or without a caregiver. ## Social Deprivation Lasting More Than a Year: Exacerbated cognitive and social deficits. * **Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder**: Leads to vulnerability in adulthood due to victims following people who will harm them. * Families are better for children than strangers with training. * The longer they stay in institutions, the more social and intellectual harm occurs. ## Social Referencing: Seeking emotional information from other people. * One-year-olds need to consult others for emotional evaluation. * Toddlers read expressions to ensure genuine emotions. * Able to use social cues.