Context of Extension in Agriculture and Rural Development PDF

Module 2 THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION 2.1 Context of extension in agriculture and rural development 2.2. Extension’s Role in Sustainable Agricultural Development 2.3. Historical Antecedents of Extension: The Early Beginnings 2.4. Extension in the Philippine Set...

Module 2 THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION 2.1 Context of extension in agriculture and rural development 2.2. Extension’s Role in Sustainable Agricultural Development 2.3. Historical Antecedents of Extension: The Early Beginnings 2.4. Extension in the Philippine Setting 2.5. Agricultural extension policies in the Philippines Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños In this Session MODULE 2.1 OUTLINE Context of ❑ Within the AKS Perspective Extension in Agriculture and ❑ Within the AIS Framework Rural Development Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños  MODULE OBJECTIVES At the end of this Module, you should be able to: 1. Describe the major components of an AKS 2. Describe the macro and institutional factors that make up the agriculture and rural development contexts of extension 3. Explain the value of the innovation systems framework for the practice of extension in a wider context Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños  CABI, 2016 Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños  The Agricultural Knowledge System AKS framework - introduced in the 1980s, is defined as: “a set of agricultural organizations and/or persons, and the links and interactions between them, engaged in such processes as the generation, transformation, transmission, storage, retrieval, integration, diffusion and utilization of knowledge and information, with the purpose of working synergestically to support decision-making, problem solving and innovation in a given country’s agriculture or domain thereof” (Röling, 1990). Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DAcidro University of the Philippines Los Baños Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems - AKIS (Rivera et al., 2005) Components of Outputs/Production Increases AKS ❑ Technology Technology Utilization generation Farm Management Awareness Information Farm-level Technology ❑ Technology transfer Macro Context Trial Adaptation Adoption (knowledge and Institutional Context input transfer) Technology Generation Technology Transfer Planning and Management Planning and Management ❑ Technology Technology Technology Technology Knowledge Transfer Message Development Input Transfer Training Multiplication utilization Development Assessment & Testing & Training & and Manufacturing Adaptation Dissemination Backstopping Technology Distribution Delivery Strategy and Sales Dissemination ❑ Agricultural policy Institutional Context Agricultural Policy Macro Context Development Goals (Patterson, Agricultural Sector Strategy Price and Market Policy Formulation 1997) Resource Investment Levels AKS Components ❑ Technology generation consists of planning, administration, and implementation of research activities that develop, assess, adapt, and test improved agricultural technology for farmers and other users. ❑ Technology transfer further evaluates and adapts research outputs for users and then widely disseminates the knowledge and inputs to different target adopters - farmers of different categories, private companies, and so on. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños AKS Components ❑ Technology utilization component encompasses the users of the agricultural technology, mainly farmers. User awareness, adaptation, and adoption of improved technology from various sources affect farm-level productivity and profitability and, ultimately, economic growth at the national level. ❑ Policy component relates to government development goals and strategies, market and price policies, and the levels of resource investments in the system. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños  The Agricultural Innovation System World Bank (2006) defines an AIS as: “a network of organizations, enterprises, and individuals focused on bringing new products, new processes, and new forms of organization into economic use, together with the institutions and policies that affect their behavior and performance. The innovation systems concept embraces not only the science suppliers, but the totality and interaction of actors involved in innovation. It extends beyond the creation of knowledge to encompass the factors affecting demand for and use of knowledge in novel and useful ways” Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños AIS Source: GFRAS (2015) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños AIS framework recognizes… ❑ Innovation as an interactive process ❑ Interactions of different actors and their ideas - central to the process ❑ Institutions (the attitudes, habits, rules, laws, norms, practices, etc.) shape interaction of actors ❑ Learning as a means of evolving context-specific new arrangements ❑ Innovation requires a good enabling environment (combination of technological, organizational, institutional, and policy change) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños A conceptual framework of an AIS Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños A conceptual framework of an AIS Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science ADGasmen University of the Philippines Los Baños  Agricultural Extension and AIS ❑ Extension and advisory services (EAS) are integral to the AIS. ❑ EAS - part of a wider canvas of actors, processes, institutions, and policies that are critical for innovation ❑ EAS better contribute to the process of innovation Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños  Agricultural Extension and AIS ❑ Expanded role and functions Facilitation to provide integrated brokering knowledge support to enhancing capacities farmers of actors Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños EAS support innovation by: ❑ Organizing producers and the rural poor ❑ Building their capacities to deal with production natural resource management marketing challenges ❑ Promoting farmer-to-farmer exchange of information Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños EAS support innovation by: ❑ Facilitating partnerships with different organizations to address specific issues value chain development markets, finance participatory irrigation management information access and sharing capacity building (among others) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños Agricultural extension and AIS Seven Functions of Knowledge and innovation system 1. Knowledge development and 4. Market formation diffusion 5. Resource 2. Influence on the direction of mobilization the search and identification 6. Legitimization of opportunities 7. Development of 3. Entrepreneurial positive experimentation and the externalities management of risk and uncertainty (Bergek et al., 2010) Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños Agricultural Innovation and Extension The OECD defines INNOVATION as “the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or external relations.” OECD –Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños Agricultural innovation and extension An innovation can be: an idea, practice or object that is perceived as new by an individual or ROLE OF other unit of production EXTENSION technologies, practices developed through research To ensure that ✓ new varieties of crops and plants innovations are ✓ new breeds of livestock known, appreciated ✓ new techniques of doing things and adopted by new practices developed by farmers intended users themselves Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños  Attributes of Innovation When innovations are most likely adopted Relative Compatibility Degree to which an innovation is advantage perceived as consistent with the Degree to which an innovation existing values, past experiences is perceived as being better and needs of the potential adopters than the idea it supersedes. Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños  Attributes of Innovation When innovations are most likely adopted Simplicity Trialability Degree to which an innovation Degree to which an innovation may be is perceived as relatively easy experimented with on a limited basis. to understand and use Observability Predictability Degree to which the results of Degree of certainty of receiving the an innovation are visible to expected benefits from adoption of others an innovation Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños For inquiries: DARIO A. CIDRO, PhD Assistant Professor of Agricultural Extension Division of Agricultural Extension and Rural Studies (DAERS) Agricultural Systems Institute (ASI) College of Agriculture and Food Science (CAFS) Tel (049) 536-2459 Mobile Phone: (0928) 507-0269 [email protected] Agricultural Systems Institute College of Agriculture and Food Science DACidro University of the Philippines Los Baños