PSIO 202 Spring 2025: Learning Objectives and Practice Problems PDF

PSIO 202 Spring 2025 Learning Objectives, Suggested Readings, & Practice Problems Block 1 You are expected to know the following information at the level it has been covered in lecture. Chapter 17: The Endocrine System Learning Objectives List major organs of the endocrine system and describe...

PSIO 202 Spring 2025 Learning Objectives, Suggested Readings, & Practice Problems Block 1 You are expected to know the following information at the level it has been covered in lecture. Chapter 17: The Endocrine System Learning Objectives List major organs of the endocrine system and describe how endocrine functions are distributed through the body. Compare and contrast the endocrine and nervous systems, including the role of negative feedback regulation in maintenance of homeostasis. Distinguish between peptide and steroid hormones in terms of structure, transport through the body, and mechanisms of action. Describe the role of hormones in second messenger activation. Describe the structural and functional relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. List the hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting hormones and the corresponding hormones of the anterior pituitary that they regulate. Describe the primary targets and actions of select anterior and posterior pituitary hormones covered in lecture. Describe factors that affect the release of anterior pituitary hormones. Distinguish between “tropic” and “trophic” effects and know select examples of tropic cascades. Explain negative feedback regulation of hormone release on the hypothalamic-pituitary gland-effector axis. Describe the anatomy of the thyroid gland and its organization into follicles. Describe the synthesis, blood transport, actions, and regulation of thyroid hormones (T 3 and T 4). Describe the regions of the adrenal medulla and cortex, and know hormones produced by each. Describe the general effects of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens produced by the adrenal cortex on the body. Suggested Readings Sections 17.1b, 17.2, 17.3c, 17.3e, 17.4, 17.7 Suggested Practice Problems Before you go on – 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21 Testing your recall – 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20 What’s wrong with these statements? – 2, 5, 8, 9 Chapter 19: The Circulatory System: Heart Learning Objectives Describe the location and the important anatomical features of the heart. Compare and contrast the two major circulatory systems in the human body. Diagram, without reference to your notes or book, the path of blood flow through the heart and lungs. Identify the major blood vessels, chambers and valves of the heart. Diagram the coronary arteries and discuss which parts of the heart muscle each artery supplies. Describe each of the components of the cardiac conduction system. Describe the sequence of excitation of the cardiac conduction system. Discuss the features of the cardiac muscle action potential, including the ionic basis of the potential changes. Compare and contrast the cardiac muscle and SA node potentials. PSIO 202 Spring 2025 Learning Objectives, Suggested Readings, & Practice Problems Block 1 Explain how the cardiac muscle action potential is generated. Identify the components of a normal ECG and discuss the physiological relevance of each component. Measure HR from the ECG. Discuss the relationship between pressure and volume in the heart chambers, as well as the position of the various heart valves, in both systole and diastole. Define cardiac output and know how to calculate it, given values for heart rate and stroke volume. Define and describe the major determinants of stroke volume, and the underlying mechanisms of each. Define the Frank-Starling mechanism. Define systole, diastole and contractility. Describe how the autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls heart rate. Explain how activation of the ANS changes neurotransmitter release leading to changes in HR. Describe how oxygen and hormones influence HR and contractility. Suggested Readings Sections 19.1-19.6 (pg. 690-720) Suggested Practice Problems Before you go on – 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 Testing your recall – 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20 What’s wrong with these statements? – 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 Chapter 20: The Circulatory System: Blood Vessels & Circulation Learning Objectives Be able to describe and draw the general features of a capillary network. Compare and contrast the anatomy and important physiological features of each type of capillary. Explain how fluid and solutes pass through the capillary wall. Describe the forces that result in movement fluid into and out of capillaries Describe the relation between cross sectional area of the vascular system, and blood flow velocity. Compare and contrast systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures in the systemic and pulmonary circulations. Describe the principal components of vascular resistance and explain why vessel diameter has such a large impact on resistance. Calculate systemic vascular resistance given values for cardiac output and mean aortic and mean right atrial pressure. Describe and diagram the baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflex pathways, starting with the stimulus and ending with the physiological result. Describe how hormones can either decrease or increase blood pressure. Compare and contrast neural, humoral and local regulation of blood vessel diameter and blood flow. Suggested Readings Sections 20.1-20.4 (pg. 725-745) Suggested Practice Problems Before you go on – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18 Testing your recall – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18 What’s wrong with these statements? – 1, 4, 5, 10