Unit 2 PDF

culpability of the parties involved in the occurrence. Forensic investigations, analysis, and modelling tests can be very helpful in understanding the contributing components and underlying causes of an occurrence such as a fire, explosion, or vandalism. Forensic discoveries aid in unravelling the e...

culpability of the parties involved in the occurrence. Forensic investigations, analysis, and modelling tests can be very helpful in understanding the contributing components and underlying causes of an occurrence such as a fire, explosion, or vandalism. Forensic discoveries aid in unravelling the events that most likely occurred, as well as the behaviours of individuals. Fraud: For dispute resolution cases involving fraudulent documents, the forensic discipline of Handwriting and Questioned Document Examination can be vital as it provides answers to questions such as whether a disputed document has been tampered with, backdated, replaced, or whether the signatures on a document was forged. Personal injury: In civil claims such as those involving traffic collisions or industrial incidents, where the plaintiff is suing the defendant for negligence to claim compensation, the services of a forensic expert who is well-versed and experienced in specialised areas such as traffic accident reconstruction, industrial accident reconstruction, and analysis of damaged materials will be helpful to assist the courts to determine the liability of the parties involved in the incident. Property damage: Forensic investigations, analysis and simulation experiments can be particularly useful in determining the contributory factors and root causes of an incident such as a fire or explosion, or vandalism. Forensic findings help to unravel the events that likely occurred, and the possible actions of individuals, and shed light on the following: What happened? How and why did it happen? Was it malicious or deliberate? What tools were used to cause the damage? Could the incident have been prevented Lecture 8: There are seven central forensic laboratories in India, at Hyderabad, Kolkata, Chandigarh, New Delhi, Guwahati, Bhopal and Pune. CFSL Hyderabad is a centre of excellence in chemical sciences, CFSL Kolkata (the oldest laboratory in India) in biological sciences and CFSL Chandigarh in physical sciences. The CFSL New Delhi comes under the Central Bureau of Investigation, Delhi, whereas the other laboratories are under the control of the Directorate of Forensic Science Services (DFSS) of the Ministry of Home Affairs. The laboratory in New Delhi is under the control of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and investigates cases on its behalf. Dr. Asha Srivastava is currently Director of CFSL (CBI) New Delhi. Mr. BrijendraBadonia is the Director of CFSL Kolkata, Sh Mahesh Chandra Joshi is Director of CFSL Hyderabad and Dr. S.K. Jain is in charge of CFSL Chandigarh. Lecture 9 : Different divisions and their functional activities 1. Biology / Serology Division Undertakes examination of exhibits like: Hair, Blood, Skin, Sweat, Teeth, Skull, Fiber, Semen, Saliva , Urine, Milk, Bone, Skeletal remains of Human / Animal Origin, Diatoms,.Wood, Leaves, flower, Maggots, Flies etc. 2. DNA Typing Division Undertakes examination of exhibits like: Resolves case like Identification of Victim/Perpetrator in violent crimes, Disputed Paternity/ Maternity Baby-swapping in neo-natal wards, Typing the DNA from Hair, Nail,Tissues,Body fluids and also Skeletal remains. 3. Chemistry Division Undertakes examination of exhibits like: Adulterated Petrol, Diesel, Explosive Residues, Acid, Precious Stones, Metal, Liquor, ND&PS substances like Heroin, Ganja, Brown sugar, Opium etc. 4. Toxicology Division Undertakes examination of exhibits like: Isolation and detection of Poison and different poisonous substances from viscera and also from food & beverages. 5. Physics/ Ballistics Division Undertakes examination of exhibits like: Paint flake, Tool mark, Restoration of erased number of Vehicle, Seal, Stamp, Label, Shoe print, Tyre impression, comparison of cut ends of Telegraphic & Electric wire, Soil test etc. Identification and Serviceability of Fire arms, Ammunition, Bullets, Pellets, Wads, Parts of fire arms, Cartridge cases. Matching of fired bullets/cartridge cases with suspected firearm Gun shot residue on clothing, skin for distance estimation, Shooter identification by GSR kits 6. Documents Division Undertakes examination of exhibits like: Examination of fake Indian currency note (FICN)/Coins of different denomination Disputed Passport, Lottery ticket, Mark sheet, Identity card, Service book and Certificate for addition, alteration, interpolation and their decipherment Examination of type script, rubber stamp impression, printed matter and other mechanical impression of unknown origin and their comparison with sample of known origin so as to fix their identity Author identification and forgery detection of Handwritings and signatures. 7. Cyber Forensic Division Undertakes examination of: Analysis of Mobile phone/ memory card/pen drive/ hard disk/ CD/DVD/ and other memory device/ Laptop and Desk top computer 8. Polygraph Division (Proposed for establishment) Polygraph test is exclusively used in criminal investigation in many states including CFSL, CBI New Delhi. The results of such test is a useful scientific aid to investigation and being used in interrogation. Both psychological and physiological aspects within a person are vital during polygraph test. Though there is no provision in Evidence Act but, the examination results are useful to guide the IOs. 9. District Mobile Laboratory To liaise with District SsP, to attend the monthly crime meeting for effective functioning of the laboratory. To assists the I.Os in scientific investigation To impart training to I.Os in collection , preservation of physical exhibits To increase co-ordination between Police - Forensic expert and Medico legal expert. 10. Library : The FSL has a small library room. The library equipped with 344 number of different books and journal related to forensic science for use of scientific staff. The library is looked after by a scientific personal in absence of a Librarian of our own Lecture 10: Lecture 11 : Organizational set up of ideal forensic science laboratories meets the accreditation requirements specified by the NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories) in terms of personnel, training and development and management of evidences etc. Laboratory should be organized and operated professionally. 1. Personnel Scientific Management of Forensic Science laboratories must have personnels with pertinent scientific qualifications and suitable forensic experience. 1.1 Director The Director of the laboratory should be a person having direct operational and administrative control of the laboratory, must have minimum qualification of M.Sc. degree. However, it is desirable to have Ph.D. degree and additional qualifications in management and administration with sufficient experience. Director must have sufficient knowledge about all the related fields; to the scientific functions and forensic aspects of the laboratory's work, preferably through an experience as a forensic scientist. 1.2 Reporting Officers Good communication skill, presence of mind and According to NABL, the reporting officer shall have the following minimum qualifications and experience as given below for each sub – Disciplines of Forensic Science: Chemistry and Explosives The minimum qualification of the reporting officer in chemistry should be Graduate in Science with chemistry as one of the subjects or equivalent from a recognized university with at least five years’ experience in relevant field or postgraduate in chemistry / specialization in relevant field or equivalent from a recognized university with at least two years’ experience in relevant field. Toxicology The minimum qualification for the reporting officer shall be Graduate in Science with chemistry / biochemistry as one of the subjects or equivalent from a recognized university with at least five years’ experience in relevant field or postgraduate in chemistry / biochemistry / specialization in relevant field or equivalent from a recognized university with at least two years’ experience in relevant field. Toxicologists must be competent to perform qualitative analyses for drugs, metabolites and other toxic substances in biological materials. They must also be able to make a systematic search for such substances and apply appropriate extractive and separator procedures. Biology and Serology The minimum qualification for the reporting officer shall be Graduate in Science with biology as one of the subjects or equivalent from a recognized university with at least five years’ experience in relevant field or postgraduate in any biological science / specialization in relevant field or equivalent from a recognized university with at least two years’ experience in relevant field. Serologists must have a knowledge of basic biological sciences and sufficient knowledge of chemistry to understand the procedures used. They must also have adequate knowledge of the statistics used in forensic serology. DNA Finger Printing The minimum qualification for the reporting officer shall be Graduate in biological science / forensic science with genetics as one of the subjects or equivalent from a recognized university with at least five years’ experience in relevant field or postgraduate in biological science / forensic science / specialization in genetics or relevant field or equivalent from a recognized university with at least two years’ experience in relevant field. he/she must have knowledge of scientific literature, procedures/protocols and practices relevant to DNA testing. They must have necessary skills to evaluate and interpret results of those tests. They must also have an adequate knowledge of population genetics and the statistics used in forensic DNA examinations. Physics The minimum qualification of the reporting officer in physics should be Graduate in Science with physics as one of the subjects or equivalent from the recognized university with at least fiveyears’ experience in relevant field or postgraduate in physics / specialization in relevant field or equivalent from a recognized university with at least two years’ experience in relevant field. Ballistics The minimum qualification for the reporting officer shall be Graduate in Science with physics as one of the subjects or equivalent from a recognized university with at least five years’ experience in relevant field or postgraduate in physics / specialization in relevant field or equivalent from a recognized university with at least two years’ experience in relevant field. Ballistic Experts should have sufficient knowledge of microscopy, superior lighting methods, preparation of impressions or casts, methods of relative investigation and the conception of individualization. They must also have adequate knowledge of the nomenclature, and operation of firearms, bullet and cartridge case comparisons, powder and shot patterns, distance determinations and types of firearm determination from a discharged cartridge case or bullet. Questioned Documents The essential requirement of the reporting officer in questioned document should be Bachelors in Science with physics / chemistry/forensic science as one of the subjects or comparable from a recognized university with minimum five years’ experience in relevant field or postgraduate in physics / chemistry / specialization in relevant field or equivalent from a recognized university with at least two years’ experience in relevant field. Questioned Document Experts should possess awareness of the main beliefs of photography, microscopy, relative analysis and individualization. They must also have a satisfactory knowledge of writing or printing instruments/ process, ink, paper and copying processes. Forensic Psychology The minimum qualification for the reporting officer shall be postgraduate in psychology / specialization in relevant field or equivalent from a recognized university with at least two years’ experience in relevant field. Fingerprints The minimum qualification for the reporting officer shall be Graduate in Science from a recognized university with at least five years’ experience in relevant field or postgraduate in science with specialization in relevant field or equivalent from a recognized university with at least two years’ experience in relevant field. They must have adequate knowledge of comparative examination techniques, methods of processing, recovering and presentation of latent prints. Crime Scene Investigation The minimum qualification for the reporting officer shall be Graduate in Science from a recognized university with at least five years’ experience in relevant field or postgraduate in science with specialization in relevant field or equivalent from a recognized university with at least two years’ experience in relevant field. Crime Scene investigators should possess extensive experience and be trained in the discipline. They must be competent in the application of principles of crime scene photographer, scene examination, exhibit handling and their safety and must have adequate knowledge of other discipline. They should be competent to independently perform the assessment of crime scene. In addition, every reporting officer must have a good understanding of the principles, uses and limitations of the instruments and the methods and procedures applied to the tasks performed. 1.3 Supporting Staffs (Non-Testifying Staff) Support staffs must fulfil the requirements of their job descriptions. The job description and the duties performed must be in mentioned in black and white in agreement. New members of staff, independent of previous experience, qualifications, must have satisfactorily completed laboratory’s training program before being authorized to work  Providing professional and technical assistance to the investigating officers to recognize appropriate evidence materials at the scene of crime, followed by proper collection and preservations of the said materials so recognized, and dispatch of the relevant materials to the laboratory for examination  Preliminary analysis of the clue materials at the scene of crime and thereafter forensic analysis of the clue materials by latest analytical methodologies in the laboratory  Interpretation of the forensic results so obtained  Deposing the material evidence so obtained by forensic examination before the Courts of Law  Impart and Exercise relevant training program to the Investigating Officers, Judicial Officers, Medical Officers and other concerned state/central agencies Development of state-of-the-art methodologies to cater the need of analyzing challenging problems in the modern days forensic fields Lecture12-13 The Directorate of Forensic Science Laboratory is part of a Government machinery, functioning under Home Department as laid down in The Government of Mizoram (Allocation of Business) Rules, 2019. The Directorate of Forensic Science Laboratory provides Forensics Services, right from collection of evidences from scenes of crime and examination of exhibits in the laboratory; generating unbiased scientific reports on cases connected with criminal and civil disputes. Scientific methods of investigations, fundamental concepts and modern techniques of Forensic Science are also taught to Investigating Officers and forensic science students in order to promote and improve the criminal justice delivery system in the state. The Mizoram Forensic Science Laboratory is committed to provide competent and unbiased services of scientific examinations at the scene of crime, in the analysis of clue materials at the laboratory and by deposing expert testimony in court of law to uphold justice to the society. The laboratory is taking active steps to follow International Standard Quality Management System based on the guidelines of ISO/IEC-17025 (2005), NABL-113. The main functions of FSL may be summarized as follows:- 1. Visiting scene of crimes and aiding the IOs in the detection and collection of evidences, reconstruction of crime scenes and furnishing crime scene examination report. 2. Scientific examinations of exhibits/samples received at the Laboratory and generation of scientific reports. 3. Providing expert opinion in the court of law. 4. Providing theoretical and practical training to Police personnel from different districts & Police stations in the aspect of scientific method of investigation. Lecture -14 A LIMS or laboratory information management system is a type of software designed to improve lab productivity and efficiency, by keeping track of data associated with samples, experiments, laboratory workflows, and instruments. A LIMS acts as an additional member of your team, automating workflows and tracking all the important sample information, data, workflows, and QA/QC results your lab generates each day. A modern LIMS has evolved from a sample-based tracking system to the digital backbone of the lab. It’s a tool that helps manage efficiency and costs. A LIMS does more than just keep track of your sample information, scientific data and results. It allows you to actively manage your entire lab process from instrument maintenance and samples to people and consumables. A LIMS manages laboratory samples and associated data, standardizes workflows, reduces human error and increases efficiency. Research and development LIMS Meeting your needs to define, capture and manage your R&D laboratory data across workflows Designed for managing research and development lab data and workflows.Thermo Scientific Core LIMS software has the flexibility to evolve with new advances in science and technology including: new instruments, techniques, data types, and tools. Core LIMS meets your needs for collecting, sharing, analyzing and archiving scientific data, but it’s also designed to be flexible and easy to change. Process development and manufacturing LIMS Adhere to SOPs and maintain high quality, reproducible results Thermo Scientific SampleManager LIMS, SDMS and LES software is a complete, comprehensive solution for lab, data and process management. Quickly build workflows which map to actual laboratory processes. Automate decisions and actions, and reduce the need for user intervention. The software facilitates compliance with standards such as 21 CFR Part 11, GMP and ISO 17025. Labs adhering to ALCOA+ guidelines can rely on the LIMS security, electronic signature, and complete audit trail to enable compliance. SampleManager LIMS software works hand-in hand with enterprise systems including ERP, MES and other software connecting your laboratory to your business. Increase visibility into your bioanalytical laboratory Thermo Scientific Watson LIMS software is designed specifically to manage bioanalytical studies, from initiation through study close out, and was designed with a deep understanding of the bioanalytical workflow and regulations. Study coordinators, scientists and technicians are able to move logically through each step in the workflow, simplifying bioanalytical support for nonclinical and clinical studies. Sample management / accessioning / tracking Good sample management processes are necessary to ensure sample integrity, data quality, and proper chain of custody. Sample management capabilities include shipment management, accessioning, and inventory management. Instrument management Monitor the status of the lab’s instruments, schedule work and maintenance. Manage storage capacity and freezers across facilities to maintain environment requirements for solutions, reagents, samples, etc., to ensure that they remain in the proper conditions. Inventory management Inventory and storage management functions retain where items have been stored and for how long. LIMS software manages stock supplies and reagents and can assign automatic reorder alerts. Laboratory management Understanding the overhead and capacity that your team can support is key to determining timelines, reporting on turnaround times, and resourcing projects. See a complete overview of samples that are queued and their status. SOP compliance Workflows guide analysts through each step of a method to ensure compliance to the SOP and capture the complete process history. Drive quality and compliance through repeatable execution of methods and processes. Workflow capabilities Users can quickly build workflows which map to actual laboratory processes, automating decisions and actions and reducing the need for user intervention. Labs can easily adapt to new methods and process changes. Lab automation Instrument control for liquid handling and synthesis work stations including Thermo Fisher Scientific and other vendors. Security Cybersecurity is critical to ensure data integrity and business continuity. Ensure secure data and system access on premises or in the cloud. Lecture -15-16 Principles Of Forensic Science The principles of forensic science guide the disciplines and methodologies of science in analysing the evidence to answer certain questions. These principles of forensic science have an impact upon criminal proceedings which start from the point of investigation upon the occurrence of a crime till the conviction of the accused in the court of law. The principles of forensic science which are significant in criminal proceedings are as follows: i. Locards Principle: Sir Adman Locardo, a pioneer in criminology and forensic science, gave the basic principle of forensic science every contact leaves a trace. This principle holds that the perpetrator of a crime will bring something into the crime scene and leave with something from it. This principle is associated with the trace evidence collection at the crime scene. ii. Law of individuality: Every individual, natural or manmade, has a distinct quality or characteristic which is not duplicated in any other form. The most distinctive character associated with law of individuality is fingerprints which has a judgemental role in forensic science. iii. Law of exchange: Law of exchange states that when a criminal or his instrument comes in contact with the victim or the objects surrounding him he leaves some trace behind so that these traces are helpful for investigation purposes. iv. Law of progressive change: It states that everything changes with the passage of time and its impact on criminal investigation is immense because the crime scene and the criminal undergo changes and sometimes become unrecognizable. v. Law of comparison: This principle compares only the people with similar likes whereas people having dissimilar likes are not compared. vi. Law of analysis: It means collection of the correct samples and their preservation for better analysis. The evidences have to be preserved in the prescribed manner to avoid tampering and destruction. vii. Law of probability: All the identifications and identities are sometimes consciously and unconsciously correct based on circumstances. viii. Law of circumstantial facts: Facts never lie but men can lie. Facts cannot be wrong, it cannot lie, it cannot be wholly absent. Therefore the importance of circumstantial facts is good for oral evidence.